Chronic training.

<p>*Cisplatin administration.</p><p>Chronic training.</p

Aerobic exercise minimizes cisplatin-induced cachexia and renal damage.

<p>Exercise efficacy was confirmed by an increase in muscle angiogenesis in the exercised (EX) and exercised with cisplatin injection (CIS-EX) groups (<b>A</b> and <b>B</b>). Decreased weight loss (<b>C</b>) and lower levels of serum urea (<b>D</b>) in the CIS-EX group compared to the sedentary goup injected with cisplatin (CIS) indicate the protective effect of exercise. The sedentary group without cisplatin injection was used as the control (CT). *P<0.05; **P<0.01; ***P<0.001.</p

Aerobic exercise reduces cell death in the kidney.

<p>Representative TUNEL staining (<b>A</b>) and quantification (<b>B</b>) showed a significantly reduced percentage of TUNEL-positive cells (dead cells) in the CIS-EX group. The expression of Bcl2 and Bax genes was evaluated by qPCR and is represented by the ratio of the pro- to the anti-apoptotic molecule (Bax/Bcl2) (<b>C</b>) the CIS group was more likely to exhibit a pro-apoptotic profile, confirming the protective role of exercise. ***P<0.001.</p

IL-6 contributes to kidney protection induced by exercise.

<p>The expression of the cytokine IL-6 was determined by qPCR in the muscle (<b>A</b>) and the kidney (<b>B</b>). The CIS group showed increased levels of IL-6 in both tissues compared to sedentary groups (CT and EX). However, CIS-EX showed increased IL-6 expression in the kidney, which indicates the protective role of IL-6 in this model. *P<0.05; **P<0.01.</p

Exercise promotes increased HO-1 expression.

<p>Nrf2 and HO-1 expression in the kidney were evaluated by Western Blot (<b>left</b> – representative image and <b>right</b> – quantification). Exercise induced HO-1 gene expression, as confirmed by qPCR (<b>B</b>), and the levels of HO-1 in the renal tissue were analyzed by immunohistochemistry (<b>C</b>, <b>left</b> – representative image and <b>right</b> – quantification). *P<0.05; **P<0.01; ***P<0.001.</p

Exercise attenuates inflammation.

<p>qPCR analysis revealed that the CIS group showed higher expressions of TNF (<b>A</b>) and IL-10 (<b>B</b>) in the kidney, while CIS-EX did not exhibit significant differences compared to CT. The serum concentrations of TNF (<b>C</b>) and IL-10 (<b>D</b>), determined by CBA, appeared to decrease in the CIS-EX group. *P<0.05; **P<0.01; ***P<0.001; N.D. - non detected cytokine.</p