The volumes of chyme delivered into the duodenum every 15 seconds in the M.I.D.A. gastric emptying.

<p>The volumes of chyme delivered into the duodenum every 15 seconds in the M.I.D.A. gastric emptying.</p

Effect of the sterilization method on the starch hydrolysis.

<p>Percentage of starch hydrolysis during the oral (A), gastric (B) and intestinal phases (C). (blue: classical method; red: HTST). Each test was conducted in triplicate. Dots and squares represent the mean values, and bars represent the standard deviation. Student’s <i>t</i>-test * = <i>p</i><0.05, ** = <i>p</i><0.01.</p

The chemical composition of the Digestive Simulated Fluids used in the M.I.D.A. for <i>in vitro</i> digestion of two rice starch-based foods (adapted from [11]).

<p>The chemical composition of the Digestive Simulated Fluids used in the M.I.D.A. for <i>in vitro</i> digestion of two rice starch-based foods (adapted from [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0189807#pone.0189807.ref011" target="_blank">11</a>]).</p

Effect of the sterilization method on the release of D-glucose.

<p>A) D-glucose released during the entire digestion process. B) D-glucose found at T0; D-glucose released during the oral (C), the gastric (D) and the intestinal steps (E). (blue: classical method; red: HTST). In D, the blue dotted line represents the mean D-glucose content observed during the entire gastric phase for starch treated using the classical sterilization method, while the red dotted line represents the mean D-glucose content for starch treated using the HTST method.</p

The chemical composition of the electrolyte stock solutions contained in the Simulated Digestive Fluids, used in M.I.D.A.

<p>The chemical composition of the electrolyte stock solutions contained in the Simulated Digestive Fluids, used in M.I.D.A.</p

Effect of the fermentation process on the D-glucose released.

<p>A) Glucose released during the entire digestion process; B) D-glucose level at T0; Glucose released during the oral (C), gastric (D) and intestinal phases (E). (orange: basic product; green: premium product). In D, the orange dotted line represents the mean D-glucose content observed during the entire gastric phase for the basic product, while the green dotted line represents the mean D-glucose content for the premium product.</p

Starch digestion in the M.I.D.A. system of rice starch treated with the classical and HTST methods.

<p>A) The model describes a three-step procedure simulating the digestive processes in the mouth, stomach and intestine through the use of Simulated Digestive Fluids and physiological transit time: SSF (Simulated Salivary Fluid), SGF (Simulated Gastric Fluid), SIF (Simulated Intestinal Fluid). B) Effect of the sterilization method on the starch content during the entire digestion process (blue: classical method; red: HTST). C) Comparison of the starch content at 0 min between the food sterilized using the classical method (blue) and the food sterilized using the HTST method (red). Comparison of the starch content during the oral phase (D), the gastric phase (E) and the intestinal phase (F). In E, the blue dotted line represents the mean starch content observed during the entire gastric phase for the starch treated with the classical sterilization method, while the red dotted line for the starch treated with the HTST method. Each test was conducted in triplicate. Dots and squares represent the mean values, and bars represent the standard deviation. Student’s <i>t</i>-test * = <i>p</i><0.05, ** = <i>p</i><0.01.</p

The M.I.D.A. <i>in vitro</i> dynamic digestive system.

<p>A) the completed system; B) M.I.D.A. esophageal compartment (a: injection point for the bolus; b: connection hole with the 37°C water bath; c: three-way valve for the input of the Simulated Gastric Fluid), gastric compartment (d: injection points for the glass<i>-</i>electrode of the pH Meter to monitor the pH of the stomach chyme.), pyloric compartment (e: three-way valve simulating pylorus; f: three-way valve for sampling gastric content; g: three-way valve for the input Simulated Intestinal Fluid), intestinal compartment (h: four connecting loops), and the terminal end of the intestinal compartment (i: three-way valve for chyle sampling).</p

Local production of T cells in the FOXN1^−/− human intestine.

<p>(A) Quantitative real-time PCR showing the expression of mRNAs encoding RAG1, RAG2 and pTα (relative to β-actin) in skin fibroblasts (negative control), thymus (positive control) and intestinal tissue of control and FOXN1^−/− fetuses (16 weeks of gestation). (B) Comparison of TCR Vβ-region usage between intestinal lymphocytes (black bars) and CBMCs (white bars) from the FOXN1^−/− fetus. Experiments were repeated three times in (A) and two times in (B).</p

Detection of extrathymically derived T lymphocytes in the cord blood of FOXN1^−/− human fetus.

<p>(A) Flow cytometry analysis of CBMCs from WT (left dot plots) or FOXN1^−/− (right dot plots) fetuses (16 weeks of gestation). CD7 and CD2 together with the CD8α and CD8β expression patterns for the gated CD45⁺CD3⁻ cells are shown. CD8α and CD4 expression is shown for the gated CD45⁺CD3⁺ cells. Numbers indicate the frequency of the cells within the gate. Experiment was repeated two times. Data were obtained by gating first on viable cells and later on CD45⁺ cells. (B) RT-PCR analysis of CD3ε expression in CBMCs. The expression of CD3ε transcript in human skin fibroblasts (negative control), human thymus (positive control), CBMCs from WT or FOXN1^−/− fetuses is shown. Blanck, no cDNA. β-actin was used as loading control. Representative results from three independent experiments are shown. (C) Quantitative real-time PCR showing the expression of mRNAs encoding CD3ε (relative to β-actin) in skin fibroblasts (negative control), thymus (positive control) and CBMCs from WT or FOXN1^−/− fetuses (16 weeks of gestation). Representative results from two independent experiments are shown.</p