Características químicas e físico-químicas de pequis da Chapada do Araripe, Ceará Chemical and physical-chemical characteristics in pequi from the Chapada do Araripe, Ceará, Brazil

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a qualidade do pequi. Para isso, frutos maduros colhidos de trinta e cinco pequizeiros (Cariocar coriaceum Wittm.) nativos, provenientes da Chapada do Araripe, Estado do Ceará, foram avaliados quanto as suas características químicas e físico-químicas. Na polpa do fruto, foram determinados pH, acidez total titulável (ATT), sólidos solúveis (°Brix), açúcares solúveis totais (AST), relação °Brix/acidez, atividade de água, proteína, carboidratos totais e valor energético total; na polpa e amêndoa, umidade, lipídios, cinzas e minerais (Ca, Mg, P, K, Cu, Fe, Mn, Na e Zn). As plantas apresentaram grande variabilidade para a maioria das características avaliadas. As maiores variabilidades foram observadas para a acidez, açúcares totais e proteína. Em relação aos minerais, a maior variabilidade foi observada para o cobre na polpa e sódio na amêndoa. A menor variabilidade foi detectada para a atividade de água, pH e umidade da polpa, em ordem crescente. Seis plantas destacaram- se por apresentarem percentagem de lipídios (polpa e amêndoa) superiores à média deste estudo. A composição em minerais variou entre as amostras (onze plantas), destacando-se, em termos quantitativos, o potássio na polpa e o fósforo na amêndoa. A amêndoa é mais rica em minerais do que a polpa. A polpa do pequi, face às características de baixa acidez, alto pH e alta atividade de água, apresenta-se propícia ao desenvolvimento de microrganismos patogênicos e à deterioração. Além disso, a presença de nutrientes, temperatura e a disponibilidade de oxigênio são fatores importantes que devem ser considerados durante o processamento e armazenamento por favorecerem a oxidação dos lipídios. Os resultados demonstram a importância nutricional do pequi, principalmente de sua amêndoa, pelo elevado teor de lipídios e minerais.The aim of this work was to evaluate the quality of "pequi" (Caryocar coriaceum Wittm.). Mature fruits from thirty five native pequi plants (Cariocar coriaceum Wittm.), grown in the Chapada do Araripe, State of Ceará were harvested and analyzed as to chemical and physical-chemical characteristics. Pulp content were evaluated for pH, acidity, soluble solids, total sugar, ratio °Brix/acidity, water activity, protein, total carbohydrate and total energy, the pulp and kernel moisture, fat, ash and minerals (Ca, Mg, P, K, Cu, Fe, Mn, Na and Zn). A high variability for these characteristics was observed among plants. The highest variability in the pulp samples was observed for total acidity (TTA), total sugars and protein, and the lowest for water activity, pH and moisture, in ascending order. For relation minerals, greater variability was observed for copper in the pulp and sodium in the kernel. Six plants stood out by presenting percentage of lipids (pulp and kernel), above the average in this study. Mineral composition varied among samples (eleven plants), high lighting K in the pulp and P in the kernel, in quantitative term. The kernel is richer in minerals than the pulp. The pequi pulp, due of low acidity, high pH and high water activity, is very attractive to the growth of pathogenic microorganisms and predisposed to decay. Moreover, the presence of nutrients, temperature and oxygen availability are important factors to be considered during processing and storage by favoring the lipids oxidation. The results demonstrate the nutritional importance of pequi, especially their kernel due its high lipids and minerals concentrations

Brazilian Flora 2020: Leveraging the power of a collaborative scientific network

International audienceThe shortage of reliable primary taxonomic data limits the description of biological taxa and the understanding of biodiversity patterns and processes, complicating biogeographical, ecological, and evolutionary studies. This deficit creates a significant taxonomic impediment to biodiversity research and conservation planning. The taxonomic impediment and the biodiversity crisis are widely recognized, highlighting the urgent need for reliable taxonomic data. Over the past decade, numerous countries worldwide have devoted considerable effort to Target 1 of the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation (GSPC), which called for the preparation of a working list of all known plant species by 2010 and an online world Flora by 2020. Brazil is a megadiverse country, home to more of the world's known plant species than any other country. Despite that, Flora Brasiliensis, concluded in 1906, was the last comprehensive treatment of the Brazilian flora. The lack of accurate estimates of the number of species of algae, fungi, and plants occurring in Brazil contributes to the prevailing taxonomic impediment and delays progress towards the GSPC targets. Over the past 12 years, a legion of taxonomists motivated to meet Target 1 of the GSPC, worked together to gather and integrate knowledge on the algal, plant, and fungal diversity of Brazil. Overall, a team of about 980 taxonomists joined efforts in a highly collaborative project that used cybertaxonomy to prepare an updated Flora of Brazil, showing the power of scientific collaboration to reach ambitious goals. This paper presents an overview of the Brazilian Flora 2020 and provides taxonomic and spatial updates on the algae, fungi, and plants found in one of the world's most biodiverse countries. We further identify collection gaps and summarize future goals that extend beyond 2020. Our results show that Brazil is home to 46,975 native species of algae, fungi, and plants, of which 19,669 are endemic to the country. The data compiled to date suggests that the Atlantic Rainforest might be the most diverse Brazilian domain for all plant groups except gymnosperms, which are most diverse in the Amazon. However, scientific knowledge of Brazilian diversity is still unequally distributed, with the Atlantic Rainforest and the Cerrado being the most intensively sampled and studied biomes in the country. In times of “scientific reductionism”, with botanical and mycological sciences suffering pervasive depreciation in recent decades, the first online Flora of Brazil 2020 significantly enhanced the quality and quantity of taxonomic data available for algae, fungi, and plants from Brazil. This project also made all the information freely available online, providing a firm foundation for future research and for the management, conservation, and sustainable use of the Brazilian funga and flora