PRODUCTION OF MILK AND MEAT OF SHEEP IN BULGARIA

Ovčarska proizvodnja je tradicionalna privredna grana u Bugarskoj. Broj ovaca u Bugarskoj se kretao oko 10 000 000 grla od čega je na proizvodne ovce otpadalo oko 6 000 000 grla. Najveći dio ovčarske proizvodnje, cca 65%, odvijao se u okviru društvenog i drzavnog sektora. U razdoblju od 1986. do 1992. godine dolazi do znatnog smanjenja ovčjeg fonda, tako da je na kraju tog razdoblja pao na 4. 524. 900 grla. u 1989. god. zabilježen je porast broja ovaca na privatnim gospodarstvima od 29% , no time nije nadomješten gubitak izazvan smanjenjem u okviru državnog sektora. Proizvodnja janjećeg mesa u Bugarskoj u 1985. iznosila je 106 149 tona od čega je 40,24% proizvedeno na privatnim gospodarstvima, udio zaklane janjadi je iznosio 80% u odnosu na ukupni broj zaklanih životinja. U razdoblju nakon 1985. godine, uočen je pad proizvodnje ovčjeg mesa na količinu od 78 445 tona (u 1991 . godini). U 1983. godini proizvodnja ovčjeg mlijeka iznosila 924 891 tonu (ujednačeno na 6,5% sadržaja masti), da bi se na kraju 1991. godine svela na 219 262 000 litara od čega je 120 123 000 otpadalo na privatne proizvođače. Prosječna godišnja proizvodnja ovčjeg mlijeka u Bugarskoj iznosi 47 l po ovci. Cilj nacionalnog programa za razvoj proizvodnje ovčjeg mlijeka je formiranje populacije od 1 200 000 proizvodnih ovaca s prosječnom proizvodnjom 250 l mlijeka godišnje. U procesu formiranja bugarske specijalizirane mlječne pasmine ovaca se primjenjuju sljedeće metode: - obnavljanje, poboljšanje, povećanje broja i širenje domaćih mliječnih pasmina kao što su Plevenska crno glava i Staro- zagorska ovca i - primjena raznih hibridizacionih shema, s udjelom uvezenih mliječnih pasmina ovaca (lstočno-frizijska i Awassi). Plevenska crnoglava ovca je domaća ovca, koja je nastala kao rezultat križanja Pramenke (stare pasmine) i cigaje. Njezina proizvodnja mlijeka iznosi u prosjeku od 180 do240 l, tijekom laktacije od 180 do 200 dana i plodnošću od 150 do 160%. Staro-zagorska pasmina koja je raširena u Trakijskoj nizini i Staro-Zagorskom polju, s prosječnom proizvodnjom mlijeka od 160 do 210 l u laktacionom razdoblju od 190 dana i plodnošću 130 do 135%. Marica-ovca iz poriječja Marice s prosječnom proizvodnjom od 112 I mlijeka u laktacionom razdoblju od 118 dana. Hibridizaciona shema mliječnih pasmina ovaca uglavnom se zasniva na lstočno-frizijskim (proizvodnja 300 do 360 l mlijeka godišnje) i Awassi (300 do 360 I mlijeka godišnje) pasminama ovaca. U okviru programske djelatnosti kreirana je sintetička linija X5M koja sadrži proizvodni kompleks za mlijeko i plodnost, s prosječnom proizvodnjom od 250 l po laktaciji i plodnošću od 1 50 do 250%. U izgradnji ove linije sudjelovale su lstočno-Frizijska s 37.5- 50%, Finalna forma Staro Zagorske 25%, ll de France, Berichon, Romanovska i Trakijska fino runa 6,25-12%. F1 križanci Plevenske crnoglave ovce s lstočno -frizijskom pasminom i F1 križanci Plevenske crnoglave ovce s Awassi pasminom, imaju znatno višu proizvodnju mlijeka u odnosu na lokalne pasmine. Najveći postotak suhe tvari je utvrđen u mlijeku u Plevenske crnoglave ovce (19,448%), dok najniži postotak suhe tvari u mlijeku je utvrđen u F1 križanaca Plevenske-crno glave ovce s Awassi ovnovima, (17,548%). F1 križanci s lstočno-frizijskim ovnovima imaju sadržaj suhe tvari u mlijeku 18,950%. Sadržaj masti u mlijeku kod F1 križanaca s lstočno-frizijskim ovnovima se krece oko 7,5385, dok je kod F1 križanaca s Awassijem utvrđen niži postotak masti u mlijeku te iznosi 6,88%. Mlijeko Plevensko crnoglave ovce sadrži viši postotak bjelačevina 5,906% dok mlijeko F1 križanaca ima niži sadržaj, koji iznosi 5,567% (tab 2). Razlika u sastavu mlijeka postoji između Staro-Zagorske pasmine i njenih F1 križanaca s ovnovima lstočno-frizijske pasmine. Mlijeko Staro-Zagorske pasmine sadrži veće količine suhe tvari, mliječne masti, kazeina, suhih bezmasnih rezidua, bjelančevinastog dušika i kalcija (Djorbineva 1988). Glavnina ovčjeg mlijeka u Bugarskoj se upotrebljava za proizvodnju bijelog i žutog sira, dok se ogranićene količine iskorištavaju u proizvodnji jogurta. Jedan od budućih ciljeva bugarske ovčarske proizvodnje je povećanje plodnosti u raznih pasmina i pokušaj prodaje janjadi s većom težinom.The sheep breeding is traditional economical subbranch in Bulgaria. The number of the sheep\u27s till to 1986 was about 10 000 000 animals. The greatest part of sheep production (65%) was on the states sector. During the period from 1986 to 1992 the sheep\u27s number in Bulgaria decreased (about 4 524 900 animals). Increase of the sheep\u27s number (29%) bulgarian\u27a private sector was noticed 1989. But, this increase did not equalised loos from states sector (1986-1989). Production lamb\u27s meat in Bulgaria at 1985, was 106 148 t (40,245 was produced on private farms). During this period participation slaughtered lambs was 80% considering total number of slaughtered animals. At the Sam period was decrease in sheep\u27s meat production on 324 891 t. Sheep\u27s milk production 1983 year was 324 891 t (equalised on 6,5% fat) on the end 1991. decreased on 219 262 000 I (120 123 000 on private sector). The average year\u27s sheep\u27s milk production in Bulgaria is 47 l/ewe. The goal of bulgarian national program for development sheep\u27s milk production is to form population of 1 200 000 milky ewes with milk product 250l/ewe yearly. During the creation bulgarien milky ewe were used few metrods like for instance: improvement and increase native milky breeds (Pleven black faced ewe and Strara zagora ewe); using hybridization schema with participation East Frisien and Awassi sheep\u27s. Pleven black faced sheep is native breed which originated by crossing native Zackel (Pramenka) and Cigay, with fertility 150- 160% and milk production 180- 240 | during lactation\u27s period from 180 to 200 days. Stara Zagora sheep is breeding in Tracian lowland\u27s and Stara Zagora field with average milk ptodrction 160-210 l during lactation pedod 190 days and fedility 130-150%. Maritsa sheep is breeding in Maritsa wale with average milk production 112 l (yearly) during lactation period 118 days (average). Hybridization program for creation milky breeds in general designed on East frisien (300-360 I milk/ewe) and Awassi (300-360 | milk/ewe). In the frame of activity bulgarian program for development milky sheeps production in lntimate Stara Zagora was created synthetic line X5M with productive complex for milkiness and fertility with average production 250 l per lactation and fertility 150-250%. The schedule of creation includes following bleeds: East frisen 37,5-50% final form Stara Zagora breed 25%.;ll de France, Berishon, Romanw and Tracian fine fleece 6,25-12%. The crossbreeds ewes (Pleven black faced x East frisien rams) and F1 crossbred (Pleven black faced x Awassi) exceed in milk productivity the local breed. The highest content of dry matter is established in the milk of Pleven black faced sheep (19,448%).The lowest content of dry matter was in the milk F1 crossbreeds Pleven black faced x Awassi (17,584%). F1 Pleven black faced crossbreed with East frisien rams have 18,95% dry matter and 7,538% fat . F1 crossbreed Pleven black faced with Awassi rams have 6.88% fat in milk. The milk from Pleven black faced breed rather has higher percent proteins (5,906) than its crossbreeds (5,567%) (Tab.2). The difference in milk content exist between Stara Zagora breed and its crossbreeds with East Frisien rams. The milk from Stara Zagora breed contents higher percent of dry matter, milk fats, caseins, fatless residue, proteinless nitrogen and Calcium (Djorbineva 1988). The most of bulgarian milk production is using to produce white and yellow cheese as well limited quantities of yoghurt. One of the future target bulgarian sheep\u27s industry\u27s is increase fertility amongst several breeds and to try sell the lambs with higher lamb weight

Immunogenesis in patients with medium and severe coronavirus infection – dynamics in different age groups

The results of a one-year prospective study, during which the process of immunogenesis in patients over 18 years of age with moderate and severe coronavirus infection was monitored and analyzed in clinical and paraclinical (clinical laboratory) aspects, are summarized and presented. The study included 2683 patients, all treated in the Clinic of Internal Diseases at the University Multiprofile Hospital for Active Treatment and Emergency Medicine “N. I. Pirogov” EAD, Sofia for the period from April 2020 to December 2020. Patients were followed for one year after recovering from moderate to severe coronavirus infection. Patients are grouped into four age categories as follows: 18–45 years; 46–65 years; 66–80 years and over 80 years. The results of our study show that during the study period in 97% of patients the level of anti-SARS-CoV2, rose and in the remaining three percent it was flat or followed by subsequent waning (in less than 1% of patients), but does not reach critically low levels (i. e. below the positivity conditional threshold). The level of IgG reached a peak and then waned, but on the other hand, as mentioned above, the amount of Ig-Total tested shows a significant increase. This trend is observed in all age groups, with a difference in the level of IgG and Ig-Total depending on age. The results of the additional screening in the target period in terms of virulence and virus segregation, categorically rule out the suspicion of the presence of “silent spreader”. During the follow-up period, no patients were re-hospitalized due to recurrence of Coronavirus infection (re-infection and illness)

Immunogenesis in patients with medium and severe coronavirus infection – dynamics in different age groups

The results of a one-year prospective study, during which the process of immunogenesis in patients over 18 years of age with moderate and severe coronavirus infection was monitored and analyzed in clinical and paraclinical (clinical laboratory) aspects, are summarized and presented. The study included 2683 patients, all treated in the Clinic of Internal Diseases at the University Multiprofile Hospital for Active Treatment and Emergency Medicine “N. I. Pirogov” EAD, Sofia for the period from April 2020 to December 2020. Patients were followed for one year after recovering from moderate to severe coronavirus infection. Patients are grouped into four age categories as follows: 18–45 years; 46–65 years; 66–80 years and over 80 years. The results of our study show that during the study period in 97% of patients the level of anti-SARS-CoV2, rose and in the remaining three percent it was flat or followed by subsequent waning (in less than 1% of patients), but does not reach critically low levels (i. e. below the positivity conditional threshold). The level of IgG reached a peak and then waned, but on the other hand, as mentioned above, the amount of Ig-Total tested shows a significant increase. This trend is observed in all age groups, with a difference in the level of IgG and Ig-Total depending on age. The results of the additional screening in the target period in terms of virulence and virus segregation, categorically rule out the suspicion of the presence of “silent spreader”. During the follow-up period, no patients were re-hospitalized due to recurrence of Coronavirus infection (re-infection and illness)

IDH1/IDH2 but Not TP53 Mutations Predict Prognosis in Bulgarian Glioblastoma Patients

Mutations in genes encoding isocitrate dehydrogenase isoforms 1 (IDH1) and 2 (IDH2) have been associated with good prognosis for patients with brain neoplasias and have been commonly found together with mutated TP53 gene. To determine the prevalence of IDH1, IDH2, and TP53 mutations and their impact on overall survival 106 glioblastoma patients were analysed. IDH1 mutations were detected in 13 and IDH2 mutation in one patient. Two homozygous samples with R132H mutation in IDH1 gene and a novel aberration K129R in IDH2 gene were found. Sixty-four percent of IDH1/IDH2 mutated tumours harboured also a mutation in TP53 gene. Genetic aberrations in TP53 were present in 37 patients. Statistical analysis of the impact of the studied factors on the overall survival showed that the mutations in IDH1/IDH2, but not the ones in TP53, were associated with longer survival. Also, the impact of age on prognosis was confirmed. This is the first comprehensive study on glioblastomas in Bulgaria. Our results suggest that IDH1/IDH2 but not TP53 mutations together with other prognostic factors such as age might be applied in clinical practice for prediction of outcome in patients with glioblastomas

50 години Катедра „Социална медицина и организация на здравеопазването`

22 Май 201

Abstracts Of The Proceedings And The Posters From The Third Scientific Session Of The Medical College Of Varna

October 2-3, 201