Hydraulic jumps in two-layer flows with a free surface

A closure relation is proposed for description of hydraulic jumps in two-layer flows with a free surface over a horizontal bottom. Such a relation comes from the momentum equations of each layer which become in a sense conservative when the total momentum and the masses in each layer are conserved. It is also shown that this relation guarantees that the energy flux decreases through the jump

YKL-40 in health and disease: a challenge for joint inflammation

There is a need of biomarkers to detect early joint inflammation and destruction of cartilage in different types of arthritis. YKL-40, a 39 kD heparin- and chitin-binding secreted glycoprotein (also known as cartilage gp39), was recently discovered. Its exact biological function is still unclear. Specific receptors for YKL-40 have not been identified yet. The clinical significance of YKL-40 as a biomarker is discussed in different aspects. High level of YKL-40 was found in various human diseases associated with inflammatory and neoplastic processes. The review highlights the information available about YKL-40 and its significance in inflammatory joint diseases. We suggest that this glycoprotein might have a promising value as a novel biomarker and could provide additional evidence for inflammation activity in different types of arthritis.Biomedical Reviews 2013, 24: 49-56

YKL‐40: The Search for New Biomarkers in Rheumatoid Arthritis

There is a need for biomarkers to detect early joint inflammation and destruction of cartilage in different types of arthritis. YKL‐40, a 39 kDa heparin‐ and chitin‐binding secreted glycoprotein (also known as human cartilage gp39), has been recently discovered. Its exact biological function is still unclear. Specific receptors for YKL‐40 have not been identified yet. The clinical significance of YKL‐40 as a biomarker is discussed in different aspects. High level of YKL‐40 is found in various human i`nflammatory and neoplastic diseases. We present a review highlighting the information available on YKL‐40 and its significance in inflammatory joint diseases, like rheumatoid arthritis (RA). We also report original personal data on the topic concerning YKL‐40 levels in serum and synovial fluid of patients with RA in comparison with ultrasonographic parameters and cytokine levels. The findings suggest that YKL‐40 might be implicated in the pathogenesis of the disease and could indicate the level of joint inflammation

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK AND THEORETICAL APPROACHES TO ANALYSIS OF TREND INFLATION

Today, trend inflation is one of the important components of monetary models, as well as an indicator of public confidence in the ongoing monetary policy. In addition, trend inflation is used when forecasting inflation over a long-term horizon. This explains the relevance of this work, which is aimed at illustrating the evolution of trend inflation concept (subject of the study), as well as determination of its place in macroeconomic models. A review of theoretical works analyzing the concept of trend inflation and its relationship with other macroeconomic indicators is aimed at achieving this goal. The study was conducted at the Center for the Study of Central Banking Problems as part of the RANEPA state assignment for 2021 using relevant academic literature and as the major source of information and such methods as descriptive, statistical, graphical analysis, a systematic approach, and comparative analysis. Analysis of trend inflation concept allows the authors to conclude that this indicator represents a long-term inflationary trend and is unobservable. In statistics, prices for food and raw materials characterized by high volatility, as well as the effects of changes in indirect taxes, are excluded from the indicator of general inflation in order to identify a long-term trend in the dynamics of the general price level. In addition, trend inflation concept is widely used in macroeconomic modeling. In the future, this review can serve as a starting point for an econometric estimation of trend inflation for the Russian economy; study of trend inflation factors in Russia; analysis of changes in the magnitude and volatility of this indicator over time; as well as formulation of recommendations for the Russian monetary authorities

THE CONCEPT AND ESSENCE OF ANDRAGOGICAL INTERACTION IN NATIVE AND FOREIGN STUDIES

Статья посвящена теме субъект-субъектных отношений между участниками образовательного процесса, актуальной в условиях непрерывного образования взрослых Предметом анализа выступают понятие и сущность андрагогического взаимодействия субъектов. Автор ставит целью изучить основы субъект-субъектного взаимодействия и уточнить сущность андрагогического взаимодействия субъектов в профессиональной переподготовке педагогических работников.Исследование основано на методе контент-анализа современных отечественных и иноязычных научных трудов, посвященных проблеме взаимодействия субъектов образовательного процесса при обучении взрослых.Результаты работы заключаются в том, что автором на основе проведенного контент-анализа научных источников, раскрывающих сущность взаимодействия в образовании взрослых, и с учетом специфики образовательного процесса профессиональной переподготовки педагогических работников сформулировано определение понятия «андрагогическое взаимодействие субъектов образовательного процесса в профессиональной переподготовке педагогических кадров».Результаты исследования могут быть применены в сфере дополнительного профессионального образования в практике профессиональной переподготовки педагогических работников и позволят при организации андрагогического взаимодействия субъектов профессиональной переподготовки педагогов на фундаментальной основе формировать новые профессиональные компетенции, взаимообусловленное изменение субъектов образовательного процесса и их готовность к дальнейшему профессиональному саморазвитию.The article concerns the relationship between the participants of educational process in the conditions of life-long education of adults. The subject of analysis is the concept and essence of andragogical interaction of subjects. The author aims to study the basis of interaction between subjects and to clarify the essence of andragogical interaction of subjects in the professional retraining of teaching staff.The study is based on the method of content analysis of contemporary native and foreign scientific studies devoted to the problem of interaction between subjects of the educational process in adult education.The results are that the author, on the basis of a content analysis of scientific sources revealing the nature of interaction in adult education, and taking into account the specifics of the educational process of professional retraining of teachersб formulated the definition of «andragogical interaction of subjects of educational process in the professional training of teaching staff».The research results can be applied in the sphere of additional vocational education, in the organization of professional retraining of teachers and can enable to organize andragogical interaction of subjects of professional retraining of teachers, to form new professional competences, interdependent changes in subjects of educational process and their willingness to further professional self-development on the fundamental basis

Dužinska i težinska struktura iverka (psetta maxima maeotica) izlovljenog duž severne obale bugarskog dela Crnog mora

Iverak (Psetta maxima maeotica) je demerzalna vrsta ribe koja se može naći na sprudovima duž obala svih zemalja koje okružuju Crno more. Iverak predstavlja veoma važnu demerzalnu vrstu ribe u Crnom moru, sa velikom potražnjom na tržištu i visokom cenom. Uprkos merama koje su preduzete za zaštitu populacija iverka, uočen je trend opadanja u proračunu relativne biomase ove vrste od 2008. godine na prostoru bugarskog dela Crnog mora. Zbog nepostojanja informacija koje se odnose na validne ribarske statistike i dostupne biološke podatake, ova istraživanja na ulovima iverka duž bugarske obale Crnog mora su imala za cilj sakupljanje bioloških podataka za analizu njegovog ulova. Težinska (W, g) struktura istraživanih iveraka (600 jedinki) iz 20 ulova pokazala je da je prosečna težina ribe iznosila 2.63 kg, sa maksimalno zabeleženom vrednošću od 7.0 kg i minimalnom od 1.25 kg. Najveći procenat u težinskoj strukturi izlovovljenih jedinki imala je težinska grupa od 2.0 do 3.0 kg (44%), a zatim težinska grupa od 1.25 do 2.0 kg (31%). Grupa od 3.0 to 4.0 kg je činila 16%, grupa od 4.0 do 5.0 kg je činila 6%, grupa od 5.0 do 6.0 kg je činila 2% i grupa od 6.0 do 7.0 kg je činila samo 1% od ukupnog izlova. Iverak težine od 1.5 do 2.5 kg činio je 56% od svih izmerenih jedinki. Prosečna totalna dužina (TL, cm) merenih riba je bila 52.8 cm, sa maksimalnom vrednošću od 77.0 cm i minimalnom od 45 cm. U okviru svih dužinskih grupa najbrojnije su bile dužinske grupe od: 45-48 cm sa 24,6%, 48-51 cm sa 23.3% i 51-54 cm sa 20.1% od celokupnog uzorka. Ribe sa totalnom dužinom od 45 cm, koja je minimalna mera dozvoljena za izlov, su činile samo 2.8%, ali su jedinke u okviru dužinske grupe od 45-48 cm obuhvatile jednu četvrtinu uzorka. Generalno, analiza podataka dobijena na osnovu 600 iveraka sa prosečnom težinom od 2.63 kg ili totalnom biomasom od 1 578 kg dovela je do pretpostavke da se značajni deo ulova sastoji od riba sa relativno malom težinom tela. Buduće monitoring studije će podržati ili odbaciti ovu pretpostavku

Simulating Russia’s and other large economies’ challenging and interconnected transitions

This paper develops a large-scale, dynamic life-cycle model to simulate Russia’s demographic and fiscal transition under favorable and unfavorable fossil-fuel price regimes. The model includes Russia, the U.S., China, India, the EU, and Japan+ (Japan plus Korea). The model predicts dramatic increases in tax rates in the U.S., EU, India, and Russia. Indeed, the increases are so large as to question their political feasibility let alone their actual collection given the potential for tax avoidance and tax evasion.http://kotlikoff.net/articlesFirst author draf

A New Benzothiazolthiazolidine Derivative, 11726172, Is Active In Vitro, In Vivo, and against Nonreplicating Cells of Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Tuberculosis (TB) still poses a global menace as one of the deadliest infectious diseases. A quarter of the human population is indeed latently infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. People with latent infection have a 5 to 10% lifetime risk of becoming ill with TB, representing a reservoir for TB active infection. This is a worrisome problem to overcome in the case of relapse; unfortunately, few drugs are effective against nonreplicating M. tuberculosis cells. Novel strategies to combat TB, including its latent form, are urgently needed. In response to the lack of new effective drugs and after screening about 500 original chemical molecules, we selected a compound, 11726172, that is endowed with potent antitubercular activity against M. tuberculosis both in vitro and in vivo and importantly also against dormant nonculturable bacilli. We also investigated the mechanism of action of 11726172 by applying a multidisciplinary approach, including transcriptomic, labeled metabolomic, biochemical, and microbiological procedures. Our results represent an important step forward in the development of a new antitubercular compound with a novel mechanism of action active against latent bacilli. IMPORTANCE The discontinuation of TB services due to COVID-19 causes concern about a future resurgence of TB, also considering that latent infection affects a high number of people worldwide. To combat this situation, the identification of antitubercular compounds targeting Mycobacterium tuberculosis through novel mechanisms of action is necessary. These compounds should be active against not only replicating bacteria cells but also nonreplicating cells to limit the reservoir of latently infected people on which the bacterium can rely to spread after reactivation

Solonamide B Inhibits Quorum Sensing and Reduces Staphylococcus aureus Mediated Killing of Human Neutrophils

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) continues to be a serious human pathogen, and particularly the spread of community associated (CA)-MRSA strains such as USA300 is a concern, as these strains can cause severe infections in otherwise healthy adults. Recently, we reported that a cyclodepsipeptide termed Solonamide B isolated from the marine bacterium, Photobacterium halotolerans strongly reduces expression of RNAIII, the effector molecule of the agr quorum sensing system. Here we show that Solonamide B interferes with the binding of S. aureus autoinducing peptides (AIPs) to sensor histidine kinase, AgrC, of the agr two-component system. The hypervirulence of USA300 has been linked to increased expression of central virulence factors like α-hemolysin and the phenol soluble modulins (PSMs). Importantly, in strain USA300 Solonamide B dramatically reduced the activity of α-hemolysin and the transcription of psma encoding PSMs with an 80% reduction in toxicity of supernatants towards human neutrophils and rabbit erythrocytes. To our knowledge this is the first report of a compound produced naturally by a Gram-negative marine bacterium that interferes with agr and affects both RNAIII and AgrA controlled virulence gene expression in S. aureus

Methamphetamine withdrawal induces activation of CRF neurons in the brain stress system in parallel with an increased activity of cardiac sympathetic pathways.

Methamphetamine (METH) addiction is a major public health problem in some countries. There is evidence to suggest that METH use is associated with increased risk of developing cardiovascular problems. Here, we investigated the effects of chronic METH administration and withdrawal on the activation of the brain stress system and cardiac sympathetic pathways. Mice were treated with METH (2 mg/kg, i.p.) for 10 days and left to spontaneous withdraw for 7 days. The number of corticotrophin-releasing factor (CRF), c-Fos, and CRF/c-Fos neurons was measured by immunohistochemistry in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN) and the oval region of the bed nucleus of stria terminalis (ovBNST), two regions associated with cardiac sympathetic control. In parallel, levels of catechol-o-methyl-transferase (COMT), tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), and heat shock protein 27 (Hsp27) were measured in the heart. In the brain, chronic-METH treatment enhanced the number of c-Fos neurons and the CRF neurons with c-Fos signal (CRF+/c-Fos+) in PVN and ovBNST. METH withdrawal increased the number of CRF+neurons. In the heart, METH administration induced an increase in soluble (S)-COMT and membrane-bound (MB)-COMT without changes in phospho (p)-TH, Hsp27, or pHsp27. Similarly, METH withdrawal increased the expression of S- and MB-COMT. In contrast to chronic treatment, METH withdrawal enhanced levels of (p)TH and (p)Hsp27 in the heart. Overall, our results demonstrate that chronic METH administration and withdrawal activate the brain CRF systems associated with the heart sympathetic control and point towards a METH withdrawal induced activation of sympathetic pathways in the heart. Our findings provide further insight in the mechanism underlining the cardiovascular risk associated with METH use and proposes targets for its treatment