Gene Ontology (GO) biological process description for outlier loci under positive selection.

*associated with populations. **associated with host strains and populations. Loci with no mark are associated with host strains. (DOCX)</p

PCA analysis generated with (A) 2,853 neutral SNPs, (B) 456 outliers.

Dots represent different individuals of each location.</p

Outlier loci under positive selection with blast hits in NCBI with > 90% similarity.

*associated with populations. **associated with host strains and populations. Loci with no mark are associated with host strains. (DOCX)</p

Fall armyworm sampling locations in Brazil and Argentina according to ecoregions.

Shapefile of limits of countries in South America: IBGE-Mapas (IBGE—Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics; Available at: https://geoftp.ibge.gov.br/cartas_e_mapas/bases_cartograficas_continuas/bc250/versao2021/shapefile/bc250_shapefile_2021_11_18.zip>; Acessed on February 26, 2023) QGIS v3.28.3 (Available at: https://qgis.org/en/site/>; Acessed on: February 26, 2023). DATUM: SIRGAS 2000.</p

Geographic distance matrix showing the straight-line distances (Km) between locations.

Geographic distance matrix showing the straight-line distances (Km) between locations.</p

Pairwise FST for fall armyworm sampling locations.

(A) FST calculated with all variant loci (3309 SNPs). (B) FST calculated using neutral markers (2853 SNPs). (C) FST was calculated using candidates putatively under positive selection (456 SNPs) obtained by three methods (FLK, PCAdapt, FstHet). Darker green color represents a higher degree of differentiation. (TIF)</p

Cross-validation method implemented in ADMIXTURE v1.3.0 to estimate the number of ancestral populations (k) inferred from (A) neutral markers and (B) outlier markers.

Cross-validation method implemented in ADMIXTURE v1.3.0 to estimate the number of ancestral populations (k) inferred from (A) neutral markers and (B) outlier markers.</p

Discriminant Analysis of Principal Components (DAPC) scatterplot showing the first two linear discriminants.

Geographic locations are represented by different colors, and dots represent different individuals. The inset shows BIC values for different number of k clusters. Analysis performed with (A) All SNP loci, (B) 2,853 neutral SNPs, (C) 456 outliers. Plots generated using adegenet package for R software. Sampling locations were considered as priori groupings. (TIF)</p

Detection of outlier SNPs under positive selection using Pcadapt, FstHet, and FLK.

The Venn diagrams shows the number of outlier SNPs associated to (A) FAW host strains and (B) populations. (TIF)</p

Outlier SNPs under positive selection using Pcadapt, FstHet, and FLK.

(A) GO categories of putative loci under selection generated from WEGO. The results are presented in three main categories: biological process, cellular component, and molecular function. The left y-axis indicates the percentage of a specific category of genes in the main category. The right y-axis indicates the number of genes in each category. (B) Manhattan plot of FST analysis comparing C-strain and R-strain against the position of SNPs on each of the 31 chromosomes. Chromosome 1 corresponds to the sex chromosome Z. Each SNP is represented by a dot. Chromosomes are represented by blue (odd) and orange (even).</p