Le autorità locali in Africa: governance e pratiche di accesso alle risorse

[Italiano]: Abstract: Negli ultimi decenni, un dibattito molto ampio si è sviluppato sulla relazione tra democrazia, conflitti e sviluppo emersa dalle politiche di good governance che hanno spinto molti paesi dell’Africa subsahariana a intraprendere riforme di decentramento. Nell’attribuire ai governi locali un’importanza crescente nella promozione di politiche di sviluppo, queste riforme avrebbero dovuto rafforzare la democrazia, migliorare la trasparenza e l’accountability dei governanti e facilitare la gestione dei conflitti. A questo processo corrisponde una più generale svolta localistica dei donatori internazionali, che sempre più adottano la nozione di comunità locale come quadro di riferimento amministrativo sia della rappresentanza politica delle popolazioni rurali, sia delle politiche partecipative di gestione della terra e dell’erogazione di servizi pubblici. A questa definizione prescrittiva del ruolo del governo locale corrisponde una realtà africana molto più fluida e variegata. Il volume si propone di andare oltre l’approccio normativo, esplorando attraverso sette casi di studio empirici (Tanzania, Sud Sudan, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Ghana, Senegal, Sudafrica) il ruolo dei governi locali nelle gestione dei conflitti legati all’accesso alle risorse in ambito sia rurale che urbano. [English]: In the last decades the relationship between democracy, conflict and development has been the object of a wide debate related to the international policies of good governance which induced many African countries to implement decentralization reforms. Such reforms have given a growing importance to the role of local governments in promoting development policies; they were supposed to strengthen democracy, improve government’s transparency and accountability, and to facilitate conflict management. International donors undertook a more general “local turn”, focusing on the notion of “local community” as an administrative framework for both the political representation of rural dwellers, and participative policies of land management e service delivery. The prescriptive definition of the role of local government has been translated in Africa with a more fluid and diversified reality. The volume aims to going beyond the normative approach and to explore seven empirical case studies (Tanzania, South Sudan, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Ghana, Senegal, South Africa) of local governments’ role in the management of conflicts related to resource access in rural and urban environments

Le autorità locali in Africa : governance e pratiche di accesso alle risorse

Negli ultimi vent’anni, un dibattito molto ampio si è sviluppato sulla relazione tra democrazia, conflitti e sviluppo emersa dalle politiche di good governance che hanno spinto molti paesi dell’Africa subsahariana a intraprendere riforme di decentramento. Nell’attribuire ai governi locali un’importanza crescente nella promozione di politiche di sviluppo, queste riforme avrebbero dovuto rafforzare la democrazia, migliorare la trasparenza e l’accountability dei governanti e rendere più semplice la gestione non violenta dei conflitti. A questo processo corrisponde una più generale svolta localistica dei donatori internazionali, che sempre più adottano la nozione di comunità locale come quadro di riferimento amministrativo sia della rappresentanza politica delle popolazioni rurali, sia delle politiche partecipative di gestione della terra e dell’erogazione di servizi pubblici. A questa definizione prescrittiva del ruolo del governo locale e delle relazioni tra centro e località corrisponde una realtà africana molto più incerta e variegata. Questo volume raccoglie i contributi di una nuova generazione di studiosi emersa da una base formativa comune con l’obiettivo di andare oltre l’approccio normativo, esplorando attraverso casi empirici il ruolo dei governi locali nella gestione dei conflitti legati all’accesso alle risorse tanto nelle aree rurali quanto in quelle urbane

Measurement of the production cross section of prompt Ξ0c baryons in p–Pb collisions at √sNN = 5.02 TeV

The transverse momentum (pT) differential production cross section of the promptly-produced charm-strange baryon Ξ0c (and its charge conjugate Ξ0c¯¯¯¯¯¯) is measured at midrapidity via its hadronic decay into π+Ξ− in p−Pb collisions at a centre-of-mass energy per nucleon−nucleon collision sNN−−−√ = 5.02 TeV with the ALICE detector at the LHC. The Ξ0c nuclear modification factor (RpPb), calculated from the cross sections in pp and p−Pb collisions, is presented and compared with the RpPb of Λ+c baryons. The ratios between the pT-differential production cross section of Ξ0c baryons and those of D0 mesons and Λ+c baryons are also reported and compared with results at forward and backward rapidity from the LHCb Collaboration. The measurements of the production cross section of prompt Ξ0c baryons are compared with a model based on perturbative QCD calculations of charm-quark production cross sections, which includes only cold nuclear matter effects in p−Pb collisions, and underestimates the measurement by a factor of about 50. This discrepancy is reduced when the data is compared with a model in which hadronisation is implemented via quark coalescence. The pT-integrated cross section of prompt Ξ0c-baryon production at midrapidity extrapolated down to pT = 0 is also reported. These measurements offer insights and constraints for theoretical calculations of the hadronisation process. Additionally, they provide inputs for the calculation of the charm production cross section in p−Pb collisions at midrapidity

Measurement of Ω0c baryon production and branching-fraction ratio BR(Ω0c → Ω−e+νe)/BR(Ω0c → Ω−π+) in pp collisions at √s = 13 TeV

The inclusive production of the charm-strange baryon Ω0c is measured for the first time via its semileptonic decay into Ω−e+νe at midrapidity (|y| < 0.8) in proton–proton (pp) collisions at the centre-of-mass energy √s = 13 TeV with the ALICE detector at the LHC. The transverse momentum (pT) differential cross section multiplied by the branching ratio is presented in the interval 2 < pT < 12 GeV/c. The branching-fraction ratio BR(Ω0c → Ω−e+νe)/BR(Ω0c → Ω−π+) is measured to be 1.12 ± 0.22 (stat.) ± 0.27 (syst.). Comparisons with other experimental measurements, as well as with theoretical calculations, are presented

Measurement of the impact-parameter dependent azimuthal anisotropy in coherent ρ0 photoproduction in Pb–Pb collisions at √sNN = 5.02 TeV

The first measurement of the impact-parameter dependent angular anisotropy in the decay of coherently photoproduced ρ0 mesons is presented. The ρ0 mesons are reconstructed through their decay into a pion pair. The measured anisotropy corresponds to the amplitude of the cos(2ϕ) modulation, where ϕ is the angle between the two vectors formed by the sum and the difference of the transverse momenta of the pions, respectively. The measurement was performed by the ALICE Collaboration at the LHC using data from ultraperipheral Pb−Pb collisions at a center-of-mass energy of sNN−−−√ = 5.02 TeV per nucleon pair. Different impact-parameter regions are selected by classifying the events in nuclear-breakup classes. The amplitude of the cos(2ϕ) modulation is found to increase by about one order of magnitude from large to small impact parameters. Theoretical calculations, which describe the measurement, explain the cos(2ϕ) anisotropy as the result of a quantum interference effect at the femtometer scale that arises from the ambiguity as to which of the nuclei is the source of the photon in the interaction

K∗(892)± resonance production in Pb−Pb collisions at √sNN = 5.02 TeV

The production of K∗(892)± meson resonance is measured at midrapidity (|y|8 GeV/c, consistent with measurements for other light-flavored hadrons. The smallest values are observed in most central collisions, indicating larger energy loss of partons traversing the dense medium

Measurement of the production and elliptic flow of (anti)nuclei in Xe–Xe collisions at √sNN = 5.44 TeV

Measurements of (anti)deuteron and (anti)3He production in the rapidity range |y|< 0.5 as a function of the transverse momentum and event multiplicity in Xe−Xe collisions at a center-of-mass energy per nucleon−nucleon pair of sNN−−−√ = 5.44 TeV are presented. The coalescence parameters B2 and B3 are measured as a function of the transverse momentum per nucleon. The ratios between (anti)deuteron and (anti)3He yields and those of (anti)protons and pions are reported as a function of the mean charged-particle multiplicity density, and compared with two implementations of the statistical hadronization model (SHM) and with coalescence predictions. The elliptic flow of (anti)deuterons is measured for the first time in Xe−Xe collisions and shows features similar to those already observed in Pb−Pb collisions, i.e., the mass ordering at low transverse momentum and the meson−baryon grouping at intermediate transverse momentum. The production of nuclei is particularly sensitive to the chemical freeze-out temperature of the system created in the collision, which is extracted from a grand-canonical-ensemble-based thermal fit, performed for the first time including light nuclei along with light-flavor hadrons in Xe−Xe collisions. The extracted chemical freeze-out temperature Tchem = (154.2 ± 1.1) MeV in Xe−Xe collisions is similar to that observed in Pb−Pb collisions and close to the crossover temperature predicted by lattice QCD calculations

Measurement of 3ΛH production in Pb–Pb collisions at √sNN = 5.02 TeV

he first measurement of 3ΛH and 3Λ¯¯¯¯H¯¯¯¯ differential production with respect to transverse momentum and centrality in Pb−Pb collisions at sNN−−−√=5.02~TeV is presented. The 3ΛH has been reconstructed via its two-charged-body decay channel, i.e., 3ΛH→3He+π−. A Blast-Wave model fit of the pT-differential spectra of all nuclear species measured by the ALICE collaboration suggests that the 3ΛH kinetic freeze-out surface is consistent with that of other nuclei. The ratio between the integrated yields of 3ΛH and 3He is compared to predictions from the statistical hadronisation model and the coalescence model, with the latter being favoured by the presented measurements

Investigating strangeness enhancement in jet and medium via φ(1020) production in p–Pb collisions at √sNN = 5.02 TeV

This work aims to differentiate strangeness produced from hard processes (jet-like) and softer processes (underlying event) by measuring the angular correlation between a high-momentum trigger hadron (h) acting as a jet-proxy and a produced strange hadron (φ(1020) meson). Measuring h–φ correlations at midrapidity in p–Pb collisions at √sNN = 5.02 TeV as a function of event multiplicity provides insight into the microscopic origin of strangeness enhancement in small collision systems. The jet-like and the underlying-event-like strangeness production are investigated as a function of event multiplicity. They are also compared between a lower and higher momentum region. The evolution of the per-trigger yields within the near-side (aligned with the trigger hadron) and away-side (in the opposite direction of the trigger hadron) jet is studied separately, allowing for the characterization of two distinct jet-like production regimes. Furthermore, the h–φ correlations within the underlying event give access to a production regime dominated by soft production processes, which can be compared directly to the in-jet production. Comparisons between h–φ and dihadron correlations show that the observed strangeness enhancement is largely driven by the underlying event, where the φ/h ratio is significantly larger than within the jet regions. As multiplicity increases, the fraction of the total φ(1020) yield coming from jets decreases compared to the underlying event production, leading to high-multiplicity events being dominated by the increased strangeness production from the underlying even