Mean and SEM values for anaerobic (P_an, panel A) and aerobic (P_aer, panel B) power output for each 200 m in the caffeine (CAF) and placebo (PLA) conditions (n = 8).

<p>* P_an was significantly higher in CAF than in PLA at the 2200-, 2400- and 2600-m intervals (p<0.05); # P_an tended to be greater in CAF than in PLA at 1200- and 1400-m intervals (p = 0.07).</p

Time to complete a 4000-m cycling time trial after caffeine (CAF) or placebo (PLA) ingestion.

<p>Data are presented as mean (•) and individual (○) values (n = 8). * CAF was significantly faster than PLA.</p

Performance and physiological parameters during the 4000-m cycling time-trial in caffeine (CAF) and placebo (PLA) conditions.

<p>Values are means ± SD. Anaerobic power (P_an), aerobic power (P_aer), oxygen consumption (VO₂), integrated electromyography (iEMG), maximal voluntary contraction (MVC), heart rate (HR) and rating of perceived exertion (RPE).*Significantly different from PLA (p<0.05).</p

Effect of order for performance and physiological parameters during the 4000-m cycling time-trial.

<p>Values are means ± SD. Anaerobic power (P_an), aerobic power (P_aer), oxygen consumption (VO₂), integrated electromyography (iEMG), maximal voluntary contraction (MVC), heart rate (HR) and rating of perceived exertion (RPE).</p

Characteristics of the participants.

<p>Values are mean ± SD. PO_max: maximal power output achieved in the incremental test; VO_2max: maximal oxygen consumption; HR_max: maximal heart rate.</p

Mean and SEM values of integrated electromyography of the vastus lateralis expressed as a percentage of maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) every 200 m during the 4000-m cycling time trial in the caffeine (CAF) and placebo (PLA) conditions (n = 6).

<p>Mean and SEM values of integrated electromyography of the vastus lateralis expressed as a percentage of maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) every 200 m during the 4000-m cycling time trial in the caffeine (CAF) and placebo (PLA) conditions (n = 6).</p

Mean and SEM values for rating of perceived exertion (RPE) every 1000 m during the 4000-m cycling time trial in the caffeine (CAF) and placebo (PLA) conditions (n = 7).

<p>* Significantly higher than all preceding values (P<0.05).</p

Relationship between time for the 4000-m cycling time trial and total anaerobic work for the caffeine and placebo conditions (n = 8).

<p>Pooled correlation coefficient was 0.77 (p<0.05).</p

Effect of the marathon race on neutrophil surface molecules and DNA fragmentation.

<p>Neutrophils were separated after blood collection before, immediately after, 24 h after, and 72 h after the marathon race. Expression of ICAM-1 (A), TNFR1 receptor (B), L-selectin (C), and Fas receptor (D), and % of cells with DNA fragmentation (D) were determined. The fluorescence was determined by flow cytometry (BD Accuri cytometer). The values presented are the mean ± SEM of 21 runners. ^a p<0.05 vs before the marathon race, ^b p<0.05 vs immediately after the marathon race, and ^cp<0.05 vs 24 h after the marathon race.</p

Effect of the marathon race on plasma cytokines.

<p>Plasma concentrations of IL-6 (A), IL-8 (B) IL-10 (C), IL-12 (D), and TNF-alpha (E) were determined using cytometric bead array. The values presented are the mean ± SEM of 23 runners.^ap<0.05 vs before the marathon race, ^bp<0.05vs immediately after the marathon race, and ^c p<0.05 vs 24 h after the marathon race.</p