Effective Interventions for Diabetes Patients by Community Pharmacists: A Meta-analysis of Pharmaceutical Care Components.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that included interventions provided by community pharmacists for patients with type 1 and 2 diabetes, the analysis of each component of the intervention(s), and the description of the training that the pharmacists received. DATA SOURCES: The literature research was conducted in PubMed and in the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (January 2000 to April 2016) for RCTs with interventions provided by community pharmacists for patients with diabetes. Corresponding authors were contacted about missing data and intervention and training design. STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION: RCTs published in English or German were included if pharmaceutical care or medication therapy management was conducted by community pharmacists with diabetes patients. Basic information, intervention and training design data were extracted. DATA SYNTHESIS: The literature research resulted in 11 eligible studies for further analysis. The corresponding authors of 6 studies responded to our request and sent their raw data. The calculated meta-analytical effect of 640 analyzed patients was a hemoglobin A CONCLUSIONS: Our meta-analysis suggests that community pharmacist-led interventions can improve glycemic control in patients with type 1 and 2 diabetes. The most effective intervention components were patient centered and interdisciplinary. Pharmaceutical care interventions should, therefore, include the following components: sending feedback to the physician, setting individual goals, reviewing medication, and assessing patients\u27 health beliefs and medication knowledge

Wirksamkeit stationärer psychodynamischer Psychotherapie bei Depressionen

Background The effectiveness of psychodynamic psychotherapy on clinical outcome variables, such as depressive symptom load is proven; however, there is still a lack of studies documenting the effectiveness of psychodynamic clinical inpatient treatment on psychodynamically relevant outcome measures. Method Within a naturalistic multicenter study "Inpatient psychodynamic oriented psychotherapy of depressive disorders (STOP-D)" the effectiveness of psychodynamic inpatient psychotherapy on the adaptivity of defence organization (inventory of personality organization, IPO) and the personality structural resources to handle conflicts (Heidelberg restructuring scale, HUS) was analyzed. Female inpatients with depressive symptoms from 15 psychosomatic hospital units were included in the study. The mean treatment duration was 61.8 days. Data acquisition was implemented at admission (T1;n & x202f;= 474), discharge (T2;n & x202f;= 432) and a 6-month follow-up after discharge (T3;n & x202f;= 286). Results There are indications of the effectiveness on the psychodynamically relevant outcome variables investigated. In addition to the known clear improvement of clinical symptom load, low-grade to high-grade effect sizes on psychodynamic core variables also became apparent. The alterations remained stable at the catamnesis. Conclusion The effectiveness of psychodynamic inpatient psychotherapy on the typical depressive symptom load seems to be associated with a long-lasting increase of structural resources of personality and might facilitate a more adaptive coping of imminent conflicts and stresses even after discharge