Effects of Green Tea and Lemon Essential Oil Mouthwashes on Surface Roughness of Resin-Modified Glass Ionomer Cement

  Introduction: Resin-modified glass ionomer cement (RMGIC) is a restorative material developed with aim to overcome the weaknesses of GIC which has poor physical properties that can affect the surface roughness. A rough surface is a contributing factor to the accumulation of plaque and development of secondary caries. One of the factors that cause surface roughness is the use of mouthwash. Objective: To determine the effect of two essential oil mouthwashes on the surface roughness of RMGIC. Methods: Fifteen samples of RMGIC (cylindrical, 2 mm high and 10 mm in diameter) were divided into three treatment groups (n = 5 in each group). In group I, the samples were immersed in green tea essential oil mouthwash for 30 seconds. In group II, the samples were immersed in lemon essential oil mouthwash for 60 seconds. In group III, the samples were immersed in distilled water (control group). All the samples were immersed for 21 days at room temperature (37°C), with two repetitions. The surface roughness was then tested using a surface roughness tester (Taylor Hobson S100 Series; AMETEK Inc; United States of America). Results: The data were analyzed using one way ANOVA with Tukey’s Post Hoc test (p <0.05). Statistical analysis with One Way ANOVA test indicates a significant change in the value of surface roughness between the three groups.  Tukey’s Post Hoc test with p=0.009 shows a significant difference in testing the effect of green tea essential oil mouthwash. Conclusion: Green tea essential oil mouthwash affected the surface roughness of RMGIC compared to lemon essential oil mouthwash. However, both did not have a significant difference with control groups

Pengaruh Obat Kumur Mengandung Alkohol 9% Dan Non-Alkohol Terhadap Kekuatan Tekan Resin Komposit Bulk-Fill (Penelitian)

Background: Bulk-fill composite resin is a tooth-colored restoration material that is developed to obtain better aesthetic and mechanical properties, which include compressive strength. The factors influencing the reduction of compressive strength of composite resin are hydrophilic matrix monomers and inadequate bonds between compositions. One of the absorbable liquids is a mouthwash commonly used to control dental caries and reduce the amount of plaque after brushing the teeth. Objective: To determine the effect of mouthwash containing 9% alcohol and nonalcohol on the compressive strength of bulk-fill composite resin. Method: The research type conducted is an experimental laboratory. The compressive strength of bulk-fill composite resin will be tested using Universal Testing Machine. There were three treatment groups, which are immersion in mouthwash containing 9% alcohol, nonalcohol, and artificial saliva as a control group. Samples were immersed at room temperature 25°C for 12 hours according to instructions for use twice a day for 30 seconds. Results: The One Way ANOVA test shows a significant value, which was sig. 0.001 (p < 0.05). There were significant differences in the test of the effect of mouthwash containing 9% alcohol and nonalcohol mouthwash on the compressive strength of bulk-fill composite resin. This result is caused by the hydrophilic traits of the matrix monomers, mechanisms that occur in resin compositions, acidity and alcohol content of mouthwash can affect the reduction in compressive strength of the composite resin. Conclusion: The mouthwash containing 9% alcohol reduced the compressive strength of bulk-fill composite resin more compared to nonalcohol mouthwash.

Effect of Strawberry Juice (Fragaria Ananassa) on Mechanical Properties of Nanofilled Composite Resins

  Introduction: Nanofilled composite resins have small filler particles size (1-100 nm). Its mechanical properties consist of hardness, surface roughness, and water absorption. Composite resins easily degraded by acid pH because it contains polymer with unstable bonds. Degradation can cause water absorption. It can be scratched more easily if they have low hardness. Rough surfaces can cause the risk of plaque formation, secondary caries, discoloration, damage to the surface of the patch, reduces resistance, accelerates abrasion, and can cause irritation to the surrounding soft tissue. Objective: To analyze the effect of mechanical properties (water absorption, hardness, and surface roughness) on nanofilled composite resins after strawberry juice (Fragaria ananassa) immersion. Methods: This research was a laboratory experimental with post-test and control group design. Forty cylindrical samples of nanofilled composite resins Filtek Z350XT (3M ESPE) (10mm x 2 mm) were divided into four groups: water absorption group, hardness tested group, surface roughness tested group, and control group. Surface roughness tested group and hardness tested group were immersed in strawberry juice each 10 mL for 2 hours a day and repeated for 12 days. After 10 and 12 days of immersion, hardness tested group, surface roughness tested group, and control group will be measured using surface roughness test and hardness test. Water absorption test will be carried out before immersion and after 10 and 12 days of immersion. Results: One Way ANOVA statistical test on surface roughness test showed a p-value of 0.001 (p<0.05) and the water absorption test show a p-value of 0.983 (p>0.05). Post Hoc Tukey test had significant difference of roughness tested on day 12 and control group with a p-value of 0.01 (p<0.05). Conclusions: Strawberry juice increases surface roughness of nanofilled composite resins after 2 hours immersion for 12 days in comparison with control group

Macerated-Pineapple Core Crude Extract-derived Bromelain Has Low Cytotoxic Effect in NIH-3T3 Fibroblast

BACKGROUND: Bromelain is a sulfhydryl proteolytic enzyme that can hydrolyze protein, protease or peptide. Bromelain can be found in pineapple stem, fruit and core. Bromelain is composed of 212 amino acid residues with cysteine-25 forming a polypeptide chain that can hydrolyze peptide bonds by H2O. In medicine, bromelain has been developed as antibiotic, cancer drug, anti-inflammatory agent and immunomodulator. In dentistry, bromelain has potential to reduce plaque formation on the teeth and to irrigate root canal.METHODS: Pineapple core was dried for 3 days to get simplicia. Then simplicia was extracted with water solvent for 24 hours. After that, the macerated-pineapple core crude extract-derived bromelain (PCB) was separated by Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate-Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) followed by Coomassie Brilliant Blue (CBB) staining to ensure the presence of bromelain. In cytotoxic test, NIH-3T3 fibroblast cultures were treated with extracts in various concentrations to for 24 or 48 hours. Number of fibroblasts was calculated using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2- yl)-2,5-Diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay.RESULTS: Pineapple core extraction using maceration method produced relative high yield (concentration: 1.5424 g/mL) of bromelain, which was confirmed by CBB staining results with the molecular weight of 33 kDa. Based on cytotoxic test results of PCB on NIH-3T3 fibroblasts, 24-hours-incubation LD50 was 95.7 g/L, while 48-hours-incubation LD50 was 51.1 g/L.CONCLUSION: PCB has low cytotoxic effect in NIH-3T3 fibroblasts.KEYWORDS: bromelain, pineapple, extract, cytotoxic, MT