Youth Homelessness: A review of the literature

Youth Homelessness is perhaps the most extreme form of poverty and social exclusion today, with those residing 'out of home' amongst the most vulnerable in society (Focus Ireland, 2010). While homelessness has traditionally been viewed as a male experience and problem, recent decades has seen the nature and composition of the homeless changing significantly, with an increase in women and children, and a drop in the average age 'out of home' (Focus Ireland, 2011). This paper focuses specifically on this population of younger homeless, defines and describes youth homeless in Ireland and discusses the causes of homelessness among this vulnerable population

Talking your way to the top a sociological examination of the role of elite education in the reproduction of privilege in Irish society

Despite generally being neglected in sociological research, the study of elite schooling provides valuable insights into how educational exclusion operates. The term ‘elite school’ in this paper refers to a small set of Ireland’s most exclusive fee-paying secondary schools. The predominance of the privately educated in key leadership positions highlights the extent to which these exclusive schools act as conduits of privilege, where they not alone determine a student’s academic learning, but also (and perhaps more importantly) “shape students lifestyles and life chances” (Persell & Cookson 1986, p.16). Elite schools provide their students with the necessary skills to enable them to convert valued cultural capital into social resources, and to use these resources to gain wealth, reputation, and power. Consequently, while the time spent in education is generally considered the best single predictor of occupational status and income, this paper argues that where one is educated is possibly of greater significanc

The making of “a product to be proud of”: an ethnographic examination of the role of the physical curriculum in the social construction of elite bodies and the social stratification of the elite educted student

This thesis contributes to our understanding of the social reproduction of human bodies. Where in looking beyond the body’s role as “a mere input mechanism for informations that the brain then makes sense of” this thesis argues “the body can itself be the site of inquiry” (Khan 2011, p.116). From this perspective, the body is recognised as “a social entity on which social beliefs, social values and social practices are inscribed” (Gard & Wright 2005, p.175). In doing so, this thesis reveals how ‘the management and development of the body is central in its own right to the production of cultural and economic capital and the attainment and maintenance of status” (Shilling 1992, p.3). Consequently, as an important site for the acquisition of bodily dispositions, this thesis recognises the important role the school one attends plays in determining much of an individual’s future, with the cultural preferences within different schools having the potential to produce bodies of differing value. Yet while there is some awareness of the manner in which the dominant classes manipulate the distribution of cognitive knowledge, the role corporeal knowledge plays, is not acknowledged or understood. While academic advantages (like smaller class sizes, or private tuition) are acknowledged as impacting on academic results (Lynch 1989; Lynch and Lodge 2002; Smyth 2008; Smyth and Hannon 2007; Butler 2009) and thus on future careers, advantages in corporeal terms are not considered of any major or lasting significance. A lack of appreciation, that I would argue is at least partly attributable to “the mechanisms by which these advantages are transmitted” being “imperfectly understood” (Lareau 2002, p.747), a situation which is clearly exacerbated by cognitive knowledge being “fairly easy to disseminate and to display,” while corporeal knowledge remains a much more ill-defined, nebulous concept (Khan 2011, p.64). Elite schools, long recognised as key institutions for the transmission of a range of social advantages, also excel at the transmission of corporeal knowledge. In fact, it can be argued that much of the ability of dominant groups to define their bodies and lifestyles as superior can be attributed to the emphasis elite schools place on developing physical capital in their students (Light & Kirk 2001). For this reason, I would argue that to truly understand the reproduction of privilege, greater attention must be paid to elites corporeal disciplining (Khan 2011). Thus, this thesis seeks to demonstrate how through the transmission of corporeal knowledge and more specifically, the physical curriculum in elite schools, privileged groups develop particular bodily dispositions and particular views of their bodies which serve to reinforce their class positions. Demonstrating how physical capital (in the form of body dispositions) is socially produced through a series of cultural processes, this thesis reveals the strong relationship between elite education and the social production of ‘valued’ bodies, and in so doing casts light upon the embodied mechanisms that ensures the reproduction or transformation of the elite social world

The smokescreen of meritocracy": elite education in Ireland and the reproduction of class privilege

The smokescreen of meritocracy": elite education in Ireland and the reproduction of class privileg

Neoliberal capitalism and education in Ireland

no abstract availabl

Chemotherapy enriches for dormant tumor cells.

<p><b>A and B.</b> SUM159 breast and DU145 prostate cancer cells were exposed to acute Doxorubicin or Docetaxel treatment, respectively (as described in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0098021#pone-0098021-g001" target="_blank">Fig. 1</a>). Residual tumor cells surviving short-term chemotherapy treatment were harvested on d8 (breast) or d10 (prostate), and seeded at 2000 cells/well in triplicate wells of a 96 well plate. Proliferation was determined by thymidine incorporation (+/−SD). Cell viability was assessed by alamar blue (fluorescence +/− SD) (<b>B</b>). Statistical significance for (A) and (B) was determined using a two-tailed student’s t-test, with p<0.05 being considered significant. p≤0.05 (*); p≤0.005 (**). <b>C.</b> Total cellular protein was extracted from parental and residual, chemo-resistant tumor cells, and equivalent amounts were immunoblotted with p21 antibody, followed by IrDye-conjugated secondary antibody. Protein loading was assessed using Actin or GAPDH antibodies. Protein bands were detected by infrared imaging. Protein bands were quantified using Image J software (NIH), and the relative ratio of p21 to loading control is shown for each lane. Similar results were obtained in 3 independent trials. <b>D.</b> SUM159 or DU145 tumor cells were stained with the label-retaining dye PKH26, and labeling efficiency was assessed by flow cytometry on Day 0. PKH26-labelled SUM159 cells were either left untreated (- - - -) or incubated for 2 d with Doxorubicin (1 µg/ml; ––). PKH26-labelled DU145 cells were either left untreated (- - - -) or incubated for 4 d with Docetaxel (10 nM; ––). The % label-retaining cells was determined on d7 (SUM159) or d10 (DU145) after treatment. Note that at the time of harvest, the majority of untreated cells (proliferative) had lost the dye, whereas slow-cycling dormant cells enriched by chemotherapy had retained the dye.</p

Tumor cells from recurrent colonies are more resistant to chemotherapy than parental tumor cells.

<p><b>A and B.</b> SUM159 breast tumor cells were incubated with Doxorubicin (<b>A</b>) or Docetaxel (<b>B</b>) as in Fig. 1. Residual tumor cells were allowed to grow in the absence of chemotherapy, resulting in the evolution of “recurrent” colonies. Tumor cells from recurrent colonies, as well as parental tumor cells, were re-challenged with the indicated concentrations of Doxorubicin (<b>A</b>) or Docetaxel (<b>B</b>). Chemo-sensitivity was assessed by thymidine incorporation. Data for each point are expressed as fold change relative to cells cultured in media only. n = 4, error bars represent S.D., *p<0.05, **p<0.005. <b>C.</b> DU145 prostate tumor cells were incubated with Docetaxel as in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0098021#pone-0098021-g001" target="_blank">Fig. 1</a>. Residual tumor cells were allowed to grow in the absence of chemotherapy, resulting in the evolution of “recurrent” colonies. Tumor cells from recurrent colonies and parental tumor cells were re-challenged with the indicated concentrations of Docetaxel. Chemo-sensitivity was assessed by thymidine incorporation, as in A and B.</p

BCRP and MRP1 inhibitors suppress efflux function in ascites treated ID8 cells.

<p>(<b>A</b>). ID8 cells from normal culture, ascites pre-treatment culture, or ascites (<i>in vivo</i> cells) were treated with or without inhibitors targeting MDR1, MRP1 or BCRP for 10 min and then incubated with eFFlux ID Green dye for 30 min. fluorescence intensity of each condition was measured by flow cytometry. Multidrug resistance activity factor (MAF) was calculated for each sample, and mean MAF (+/- SD from triplicate samples) is shown for each condition in B. MAF values falling below background are indicated by gray border. Statistically significant increases in MAF between ascites-treated and <i>in vivo</i> ascites cells (compared to untreated cells) are indicated. Error bars represent SDs from three independent experiments. * indicates p<0.05, Student’s t-test.</p

Ascites treatment increases expression of MDR1a/b and BCRP in ID8 cells.

<p>Total RNA was harvested from ID8 cells in normal culture as well as from ID8 cells pre-treated with ascites for 7 days. Expression levels of the indicated genes (relative to beta actin) were determined by real-time PCR(<b>A</b>). Fold increases in gene expression (ascites treated ID8 cells over normal ID8 cells) are shown in <b>B</b>. Three independent experiments were performed and error bar represents SD. * indicates p<0.05 and *** p<0.001, Student’s t-test.</p

Ascites derived from ovarian cancer-bearing mice increases chemo-resistance of ID8 cells.

<p>Murine ovarian cancer cells (ID8) from three different sources were studied: 1) ID8 cells from normal culture medium (Medium), 2) ID8 cells freshly isolated from ascites fluid in a syngeneic model (<i>In vivo</i> cells), and 3) ID8 cells treated for 7 days <i>in vitro</i> with ascites supernatant (Ascites treated 7 days). Each of these cell populations was exposed to paclitaxel<b>(A)</b> or docetaxel<b>(B)</b> at the indicated concentration for 24 h and [³H]-thymidine incorporation was determined. Three independent experiments were performed and a representative result is shown. Error bar represents SD of quadruplicates in each condition. * indicates p<0.05, *** p<0.001, Two way ANOVA. <b>A</b>. ID8 cells pre-treated with acellular ascites for 7 days (Ascites treated 7 days) or isolated from ascites (<i>in vivo</i> cells) have increased resistance to Paclitaxel compared to ID8 cells from normal medium. <b>B</b>. ID8 cells pre-treated with acellular ascites for 7 days (Ascites treated 7 days) have increased resistance to docetaxel at 2 and 4 nM compared to ID8 cells from normal culture. ID8 cells isolated from ascites (<i>in vivo</i> cells) have increased resistance to docetaxel compared to ID8 cells from normal medium (Medium). <b>C-D</b>. 7-AAD uptake was measured by flow cytometric analysis. The percent 7-AAD positive cells from three independent experiments is shown for paclitaxel (<b>C</b>) and docetaxel (<b>D</b>)-treated cells. Error bars represent SD. * indicates p<0.05, ** p<0.01, *** p<0.001, Two way ANOVA. ID8 cells pre-treated with acellular ascites for 7 days (Ascites treated 7 days) are more resistant to chemotherapy-induced cell death (<i>i</i>.<i>e</i>.,exhibit fewer 7-AAD+ cells) than ID8 cells from normal culture.</p