Decomposing the gender wage-gap in the hospitality industry: a quantile approach

This paper discusses the factors that determine the wage differences between men and women in the Spanish hospitality industry across the wage distribution. In general, previous studies have analysed the gender wage gap from a global perspective, without taking into account the heterogeneity across the wage distribution. It has also shown that there are factors such as vertical segregation, labour mobility or “glass ceilings” that it have a special impact on specific occupational groups (Burguess, 2003; Skalpe, 2007; Baum, 2013; Carvalho, Costa, Lykke, Torres, 2019); thus, it would be of interest to the state of the art to look more closely at the main factors that determining the gender wage gap, and in particular its discriminatory component across wage distribution. Using matched employer-employee data from a sample of 4,991 workers, we propose different wage decompositions based on quantile regressions, under the assumption of equal and different returns. Our results show that the wage advantage of men presents an increasing profile along the wage distribution, being particularly relevant in the higher wage group. Furthermore, its shown the existence of a high degree of gender wage discrimination in the sector, although it is decreasing across the wage distribution. Differences in returns of human capital and vertical segregation are the main causes that explain the discriminatory component. In addition, there is evidence of the possible existence of the so-called “glass ceiling”.Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tec

Decomposing the Gender Wage Gap in Europe: Evidence from the Tourism Sector

Unfavourable labour conditions in the tourism sector and the gender wage gap have been found to be significant in studies carried out for different countries, demonstrating that this is an international phenomenon. However, its study has only been addressed in a singular way in specific countries, such as Spain, Norway, UK, Portugal, Italy or USA (Burgess, 2003; Santos and Varejão, 2007; Skalpe, 2007; Thrane, 2008; Campos Ortega and Ropero, 2009). To our knowledge, no international comparisons with supranational database have been carried out to explain the heterogeneity of the gender wage gap between countries and its main determinants. This paper uses a micro and macro perspectives simultaneously, through a multilevel approach, which may be helpful for understanding how the characteristics of the employees of each country (compositional effect) and how the country characteristics (contextual effect) can affect the differences at European level in the gender wage gap and its discriminatory component in the tourism sector.II Plan Propio de Investigación, Divulgación y Transferencia de la Universidad de Málaga. Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech

Diferencias salariales de género a lo largo de la distribución salarial: evidencia en el turismo a nivel sectorial.

Statement of the research question: Tourism activities, such as accommodation, catering, transportation, and cultural services, present a heterogeneous occupational structure from a gender perspective. The gender wage gap in tourism sector may be influenced in a particular way by the unequal participation and working conditions of men and women at the sectoral level. However, this literature does not address how sectoral heterogeneity in the tourism industry may affect the gender wage gap and its discriminatory component. In addition, previous literature has determined that there are factors, such as vertical segregation or the "glass ceiling", that differentially affect specific occupational groups in each sector. Thus, it is of interest to address the main determinants of the wage gap and, in particular, its discriminatory component across the wage distribution. Objective: We conducted a comparative study of the main determinants of the gender wage gap across the wage distribution in the tourism sector from a sectoral perspective. Data: This study used the most recent data from the SES-2018 complied by the National Statistical Institute of Spain, which contains matched employee-employer microdata. Methodology: We propose different wage decompositions across the wage distribution based on unconditional quantile regressions. Results: In feminised sectors, such as hospitality and travel agencies, the gender wage gap follows an increasing trend across the wage distribution, whereas in masculinised sectors, such as transportation, the gap follows a decreasing trend, becoming nonsignificant at the highest wage levels. Except in the case of transportation, gender wage discrimination increases as wages increase and is the component that explains the major part of this gap. The results show that there are differential barriers to the promotion of women at a sectoral level that perpetuate gender roles, particularly in positions of high responsibility.Ayuda B3 Contrato Predoctoral del Plan Propio de Investigación de la Universidad de Málaga. Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech

Gender wage gap along the wage distribution: Evidence at sectorial level.

This paper contributes to the study of the gender wage gap in the Spanish services sector, through the specific analysis of its four main sub-sectors: hospitality industry, transport industry, travel agencies services and other complementary services. Its objective is to analyse the different determinants of the gender wage gap across the wage distribution. This analysis makes it possible to examine the extent to which these determinants affect the wage decomposition in each sector in a heterogeneous way, showing whether there are significant differences in the discriminatory and non-discriminatory components between the different wage levels. Among the factors analysed, vertical gender segregation and the human capital of workers stand out. In relation to the latter determinant, special attention is paid to education and educational mismatch.Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech

A sectorial analysis of the gender wage gap along the wage distribution in Spain

This paper contributes to the study of the gender wage gap in the Spanish service sector along the wage distribution. This analysis of the gender wage gap is carried out in three stages. The first is based on a specific analysis of wages at the sectoral level, disentangling the service sector in hospitality industry, travel agency services, transport industry, and other complementary services. The decomposition of the gender wage gap into its non-discriminatory and discriminatory components for each sector is carried out in the second stage. The third stage consists of the application of an Unconditional Quantile Regression (UQR) methodology to analyse the different determinants of the discriminatory and non-discriminatory components across the wage distribution. The main findings are as follows. There are marked differences in the determinants of the non-discriminatory and discriminatory components of the gender wage gap between sectors. Among the main determinants, the human capital of workers, especially education and educational mismatch, and vertical gender segregation stand out. Regarding the non-discriminatory component, there is an over-representation of men in the highest paid jobs, except in the case of the transport industry. Regarding the discriminatory component, the existence of a lower degree of wage discrimination in the hospitality industry compared to other services is shown. There is a wage penalty for the promotion of women, especially in the transport and travel agency industries. In the hospitality industry, although women are under-represented in the higher-paid jobs, those who do make it to the top are paid more than men.Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tec