Time course of stimulus presentation in the word-learning task.

<p>Each trial started with an encoding phase consisting of 5 successively presented name-object pairs. Simultaneous with each object presentation a pseudoword, serving as object name, was presented via headphones. Subjects were instructed to memorize the name of each object. Recognition performance was tested after a jittered delay period and involved the presentation of one of the objects with one of the pseudowords. Participants had to indicate whether the pseudoword matched the object presented and responded on two buttons of a response pad (right index for correct and middle finger for incorrect). Feedback was provided immediately. In the informative group, feedback depended on performance, indicating either success or failure (positive or negative smiley). In the non-informative group, feedback was not dependent on performance. A neutral smiley appeared after each trial, giving no indication on success or failure.</p

Brain-behaviour correlations in the insula and inferior frontal cortex.

<p>Correlation of subjects’ failure rates with the difference scores obtained from activation to both feedback values (ROI value negative feedback – ROI value positive feedback). Results of the correlation analyses are depicted for the left insula and inferior frontal cortex IFC. FB = feedback.</p