Malaria in Central Java

Like in the Southeast Asian countries, malaria is still a public health problem in Indonesia. The province of Central Java is one of the most dense populated areas in Indonesia with an estimated 27 million populations in 1984. Malaria inflicting human health in Central Java is primarily caused by P. vivax, P. falciparum and very rarely by P. malariae. Malaria cases are estimated by slides positivity rates (SPR), annual parasites incidence (API) and annual blood examination rates (ABER). Small epidemics occurred in several villages and the reasons for it were two fold, namely the occurrence of DDT resistance by the main vector An. aconitus.An. sundaicus and An. maculatus and the occurrence of chloroquine resistance by P. falciparum. The control programme made adaptations by using Fenitrothion in highly endemic areas and administration of Fansidar in chloroquine resistant cases of P. falciparum. The figures of SPR and API for 1979 until 1985 were constantiy above 1.00, ranging from 1.18 - 4.19 for SPR and 1.37 until 6.00 for API. Fortunately the figures were coming down from 1986 until 1988. In 1988 was reported 0.67 for SPR and 0.63 for API. Constant surveillance and alertness in endemic "pockets" is obligatory to prevent uprising

Efektivitas Berbagai Jarak Jangkauan Aplikasi Ulv-malathion terhadap Aedes Aegypti di Kecamatan Sewon, Bantul

Malathion is still used in the National Program of Dengue Vector Control in Indonesia. Which is applied either in the form of cold aerosols (ULV) or thermal fog. This study aimed at determining the efficacy of ULV application of malathion in different distances against Aedes aegypti in Sewon district, Bantul. Methods of the study include the use of Ae. aegypti adult of laboratory strain. Which were set in the distances of 35 & 70 meters from the nozzel of ULV-rnechine. The experimental unit was 20 mosquitoes per-cage located with three replicates respectively in two sub village (dusun), these are Dagan (D) and Mriyan (M). Number (%) of mortalities of the test mosquitoes were analyzed statistically with survival analysis method at the intervals of 2, 4, 8, 12, and 24 hours post treatment. The results indicated that ULV application of malathion was effective against the test mosquitoes (Ae. aegypti,) at the distance of 35-70 meter at sub village "D

Penggunaan Teknologi Remote Sensing Dan Sig Untuk Pengendalian Dinamika Populasi Soil Transmitted Helminths Di Satuan Lahan Endemis Pulau Ambon (Use of Technology Remote Sensing and Gis to Control Population Dynamics of Soil Transmitted Helminths)

Dengan menggunakan pendekatan ekoepidemiologis, yang didukung oleh data penginderaan jauh dan aplikasi Sistem Informasi Geografi (SIG) diharapkan kejadian infeksi Soil Transmitted Helminths yang bervariasi dapat diketahui parameter lingkungan risikonya, dimonitor dinamika Perubahannya, sehingga dapat dikontrol dan dikendalikan kejadian infeksi Soil Transmitted Helminths yang bervariasi dan berfluktuasi tersebut secara cepat, dan akurat. Tujuan yang ingin dicapai adalah; menggunakan Remote Sensing untuk mengkaji parameter lingkungan yang dapat digunakan dalam pengolahan peta risiko populasi telur dan larva Soil Transmitted Helminths serta risiko prevalensinya di satuan lahan Pulau Ambon. Rancangan penelitian yang digunakan adalah Experimen Semu (Quasi Experimental) di Laboratorium, ditunjang dengan Survei Lapangan (Field Survey) secara Cross sectional. Diteruskan dengan ekplorasi untuk menghasilkan peta risiko populasi telur dan larva Soil Transmitted Helminths serta risiko prevalensinya. diperoleh; parameter lingkungan risiko, populasi telur dan larva Soil Transmitted Helminths di tanah, prevalensi, serta peta risiko keduanya di Satuan Lahan endemis pulau Ambon agar dapat memudahkan pengontrolan terhadap suatu kejadian infeksi (penghematan waktu, tenaga, maupun biaya jika dibandingkan dengan suatu kegiatan surveilance).Dari hasil interpretasi citra Landsat TM+ diperoleh data ekoepidemiologi atau lingkungan risiko Soil Transmitted Helminths. Melalui aplikasi SIG dihasilkan peta-peta tematik yaitu; peta jenis tanah, peta bentuk lahan, dan peta penggunaan lahan. Hasil tumpang tindih ketiga buah peta tersebut adalah peta satuan lahan. Populasi telur dan larva Soil Transmitted Helminths di satuan lahan aluvial berbeda dengan brunisem, gleisol, kambisol, litosol, podsolik dan rensina. Prevalensi infeksi Soil Transmitted Helminths di satuan lahan aluvial berbeda dengan brunisem, gleisol, kambisol, litosol, podsolik dan rensina. Melalui aplikasi SIG dihasilkan peta risiko populasi telur dan larva Geohelminths dan peta risiko prevalensi infeksi Soil Transmitted Helminths sehingga dapat membantu para perencana dan pengambil kebijakan dalam melakukan pengontrolan Soil Transmitted Helminths di daerah endemis pedesaan pulau Ambon. Pada satuan lahan permukiman dengan risiko tinggi dan risiko sedang dapat dilakukan kegiatan intervensi: sebagai berikut: a) penyuluhan; dilakukan kepada sasaran untuk meningkatkan pengetahuan tentang kecacingan seperti tanda-tanda atau gejala kecacingan, bahayanya, cara penanggulangan, dan pencegahan. b) pengobatan; dilakukan berdasarkan hasil pemeriksaan tinja dengan frekuensi 6 bulan sekali. c) rehabilitasi; dilakukan melalui upaya kebersihan perorangan, kebersihan lingkungan, dan perbaikan fasilitas lingkungan

Bancroftian Filariasis Transmission Parameters After the Fifth Year of Filiariasis Mass Drug Administration in Pekalongan City

This study aimed to measure parasitology parameters (microfilariae rate, microfilariae density), immunology parameter (antigen prevalence), and entomology parameters (infection rate and infective rate) after the fifth year of mass treatment at Pabean Village, Pekalongan City. This study was an observational study with cross-sectional approach that was conducted in July to August 2015 in Pabean Subdistrict, Pekalongan City. The microfilaria rate and microfilariae density were determined by finger blood survey of 313 respondents. Meanwhile, the antigen prevalence was determined by calculating the circulating antigen using the immunochromatographic test (ICT) Wuchereria bancrofti method. Finally, the infective rate and infection rate were both explicitly defined by detecting filarial worm larvae in the mosquitoes of man biting mosquitos collection. The results showed that the mf rate was 0.32% with average microfilariae density of 167/mL blood, the antigen prevalence of the calculation was 0%, the infection rate was 0.06% and the infective rate was 0%. In conclusion, after the fifth year of mass treatment in Pabean Area, Pekalongan City, the area is no longer included into the filariasis-endemic areas and the transmission parameters has no potential in causing the filariasis spreading

Pengembangan Metode Pemberdayaan Masyarakat Dalam Pengendalian Vektor Demam Berdarah Dengue Di Kota Semarang Provinsi Jawa Tengah (Developing Community Empowerment for Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever Vector Control in Semarang City, Central Java Province)

Background: Dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) prevention required active participation from community. Thus in addition, empowerment methods need to be developed for increasing the community participation for DHF vector control. Methods: The study was conducted in Semarang. The design of this study was participatory action research (PAR). The intervension of this study was empowerment methods from PRA, PLA and COMBI modification which was difined as Community Empowerment in Dengue Vector Control (PMPV-DBD). Data was collected by structured interview and observation/larvae monitoring. Results: There was a positive significantly difference (p < 0.05) in knowledge and attitudes of community after the application of PMPV-DBD method in intervention area, although there was no significant difference in community practice before and after intervention. In control area, there was no difference (p > 0.05) in knowledge, attitude and practice in community before and after intervention. Conclusion: Indicator of entomology (larvae free index/ABJ) showed an increasing trend, while House index (HI), Container index (CI) and Breteau Index (BI) tended to decrease. Recommendation: The PMPV-DBD method application could be adapted by health sector according to Permenkes No. 65 Tahun 2013 for sustained program and could be applicated to the larger area

Estimasi Tingkat Intensitas Penularan Malaria Dengan Dukungan Penginderaan Jauh (Studi Kasus Di Daerah Endemis Malaria Pegunungan Menoreh Wilayah Perbatasan Propinsi Jawa Tangeh Dan Daerah Istimewa YOGYAKARTA)

Malaria transmission dynamic is naturally influenced by fluctuating environmental conditions that could be locally specific even at the level of village. Remote sensing technology is increasingly recognized as a powerful tool to scan malaria endemic areas and could be used to monitor malaria vectors fluctuation and the related biogeographical environment. A study was conducted to estimate the malaria transmission intensity in eight endemic villages in Menoren Hills Central Java. The estimation was based on environmental condition and the most of the data were obtained through remote sensing using the satellite Landsat TM, aerial photo and small format photograph taken by ultra light air craft. This study is an analytical epidemiological, non experimental study approach. The study subjects were the environmental conditions of the village considered as the risk factors for malaria transmission. Data were collected either through field observations and remote sensing. Data set was analyzed with the discriminant analysis module using the SPSS 10.0 version software. The results of the study showed that there were predictor variables of the environment risk factors should be considered in the estimation of malaria transmission intensity in certain malaria endemic villages. Those variables included: (1) air temperature;(2) relative humidity; (3) mixed garden; (4) homestead and (5) mosquito vector density. Linear discriminant function was obtained to predict the incidence of malaria outbreak. Applying this model, the malaria transmission intensity in certain villages could be estimated with a high accuracy, that could be ashigh accuracy as 95% as obtained in the Menoreh Hill