Dinamika Ketenagakerjaan Dan Kesempatan Berusaha Di Pedesaan

Tulisan ini bertujuan untuk memberikan gambaran mengenai dinamika ketenagakerjaan dan kesempatan berusaha di pedesaan, yang meliputi Perubahan struktur kesempatan kerja di pedesaan, keterkaitan antara perkembangan produktivitas dengan kesempatan kerja di pedesaan dan perspektif ketenagakerjaan dan kesempatan berusaha di pedesaan. Bahan utama tulisan ini merupakan hasil penelitian patanas. Hasil tulisan ini menunjukkan bahwa sektor pertanian mempunyai kapasitas yang memadai untuk menciptakan kesempatan kerja di pedesaan asalkan pembangunan sektor pertanian mendapatkan prioritas utama dalam pembangunan ekonom

Identifikasi Sumber Pertumbuhan Output Nasional: Pendekatan Analisis Input-Output

EnglishDuring the economic crisis national output has been contracted, in which actual national production capacity has been decreased because producers were lack of capital and aggregate demand was also decreasing. To speed up the national production recovery, the government needs to implement investment policy on leading national economic sector. Therefore, it is necessary to identify the source of growth of national output, and then identify the leading sector as a direction for investment. This study applied Input-Output analysis approach by using Input-Output Table published by Statistics Indonesia. The results of analysis showed that the source of growth of national output was on agricultural sector, but the problem is lack of the capability of agricultural sector in providing labor and limited income for farmers because land resources which are occupied by the farmers are also limited. To solve this problem, the development of agricultural sector should be integrated with the development of its complement sector. In other words, the development of agricultural sector should be put in the network of agribusiness system development so that agricultural sector is able to be a leading sector in our national economy.IndonesianSelama masa krisis ekonomi, output nasional mengalami kontraksi, dimana kapasitas aktual produksi nasional menurun karena produsen kekurangan modal, disamping permintaan agregat juga turun. Untuk mempercepat pemulihan kapasitas produksi nasional, maka pemerintah perlu menerapkan kebijakan investasi pada sektor andalan ekonomi nasional. Untuk itu, perlu dilakukan identifikasi sumber pertumbuhan output nasional, untuk selanjutnya ditentukan sektor andalan sebagai arahan investasi. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan analisis input-output dengan menggunakan Tabel Input-Output yang diterbitkan oleh Badan Pusat Statistik. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa sumber pertumbuhan output nasional terletak pada sektor pertanian. Namun persoalannya adalah terbatasnya kemampuan sektor pertanian dalam penyediaan tenaga kerja dan pendapatan petani yang sangat terbatas karena sumberdaya lahan yang dikuasai petani juga terbatas. Untuk mengatasi masalah tersebut, maka pengembangan sektor pertanian perlu diintegrasikan dengan pengembangan sektor komplemennya. Dengan kata lain, pengembangan sektor pertanian harus diletakkan dalam kerangka pengembangan sistem agribisnis, sehingga sektor pertanian mampu menjadi sektor andalan ekonomi nasional

Analisis Komparasi Daya Saing Produk Ekspor Pertanian Antar Negara ASEAN Dalam Era Perdagangan Bebas AFTA

EnglishThe trade liberalisation under AFTA schemes commencing since 1 January 2003 would result in the more opened market in the ASEAN region and increased competition among countries in the region. The present paper aims to conduct an inter ASEAN comparative analysis on the export growth of agricultural products as well as effect of product composition, market distribution and competitiveness on export of agricultural products to the ASEAN region, using time-series data and Constant Market Share approach. The main findings of the analysis are as follows : (1) The Indonesia's export growth to the ASEAN region in the 1997-1999 period was the highest one among the ASEAN countries, even higher than the world export to the same region, while in the 1999-2001 period it decreased and became slower compared than Thailand, Filipina and world; (2) Composition of the Indonesia's export product was the best one among the ASEAN country, even though it weakened in the 1999-2001 from the previous period; (3) Market distribution of the Indonesia's export in the 1997-1999 period was worse than Singapore's only, but in the following period it weakened and became worse compared to Singapore and Vietnam; and (4) Competitiveness of the Indonesia's export in the 1997-1999 period was the best one among the ASEAN countries, but weakened in the subsequent period and became worse compared to the Philippines and Thailand. It is suggested that in the future, Indonesia needs to pay more attentions on the selection of correct product composition and country destination so as to win in the increasing competition with other ASEAN countries and even non ASEAN countries. IndonesianLiberalisasi perdagangan AFTA yang berlaku sejak 1 Januari 2003 akan menyebabkan makin terbukanya pasar di kawasan ASEAN dan makin tajamnya persaingan antar negara di kawasan ini. Tulisan ini bertujuan untuk melakukan analisis komparasi antar negara ASEAN yang menyangkut pertumbuhan ekspor produk pertanian serta efek komposisi produk, distribusi pasar dan daya saing terhadap ekspor produk pertanian ke kawasan ASEAN dengan menggunakan data sekunder deret waktu dan metode analisis Constant Market Share. Kesimpulan utama hasil analisis ini adalah sebagai berikut : (1) Pertumbuhan ekspor Indonesia ke kawasan ASEAN selama periode 1997-1999 adalah yang tertinggi di antara negara-negara ASEAN, bahkan lebih tinggi daripada pertumbuhan ekspor dunia ke kawasan yang sama, sedangkan pada periode 1999-2001 menurun dan lebih rendah dibanding Thailand, Filipina dan dunia; (2) Komposisi produk ekspor Indonesia adalah yang terbaik di antara negara-negara ASEAN, walaupun melemah pada periode 1999-2001 dibanding 1997-1999; (3) Distribusi pasar ekspor Indonesia pada periode 1997-1999 hanya kalah dari Singapura, tetapi pada periode 1999-2001 melemah dan kalah dari Singapura dan Vietnam; dan (4) Daya saing ekspor Indonesia pada periode 1997-1999 paling kuat di antara negara-negara ASEAN, tetapi pada periode 1999-2001 melemah dan kalah dari Filipina dan Thailand. Disarankan agar di masa datang, Indonesia lebih memperhatikan lagi pemilihan yang lebih tepat mengenai komposisi produk dan negara tujuan ekspornya agar dapat lebih memenangkan persaingan dengan sesama negara ASEAN lainnya dan bahkan negara-negara non ASEAN

Pengaruh Teknologi Terhadap Perubahan Peranan Sektor Pertanian Dalam Struktur Perekonomian Indonesia

The main objective of this study is to evaluate the pattern of Indonesia economic structural change and the roles of agricultural technology in affecting the pattern. The economic structure is measured with GDP and employment absorption shares composition by the economic sectors (agriculture, industry, and service). The direct impact of agricultural technology on the economic structure is evaluated with the supply side approach. The analysis is conducted with an econometric model using time series data of 1971-1991 period. The study shows that the pattern of Indonesian economic structural change is abnormal in the sense completely different from the experience of most developed countries. The economic structural change have been highly unbalanced, excessively burdened the agricultural sector with labor absorption. The study also shows that agricultural technology (measured with labor productivity) and real price are positively related with agricultural GDP share, but negatively related with the agricultural employment share. This explains why the directions of GDP shares is a contradictory with employment share. Accordingly the attempt to improve the pattern of economic structural change should be conducted with a multi sectoral policy package: increasing agricultural productivity and real price while increasing labor use intensity in the industrial sector