Baseline characteristics of study participants (n = 895).

a<p>P-value is for comparing all four HIV/CD4 groups.</p>b<p>n(%) for categorical variables or mean±standard-deviation for continuous variables.</p>c<p>Alanine aminotransferase or aspartate aminotransferase>35 mg/dL.</p

Univariate linear associations of albumin and other selected participant characteristics with body mass, fat mass and fat free mass index.

<p>CD4 counts are cells/µl; Asterisks represent p-values for association within the column HIV/CD4 group (*<0.05, **<0.01, ***<0.001);</p>1<p>Categorized as none, 1–3, 3–5, >5, treated as continuous variable;</p>2<p>Aspartate amino transferase <i>or</i> alanine amino transferase >35 mg/dl.</p

Final stepwise multivariate linear regression models for the association of serum albumin and other selected characteristics with FAT MASS INDEX (FMI) among HIV-negative women and HIV Positive by CD4 strata¹.

1<p>Numbers are kg/m² changes in Fat Mass Index per unit increase in row covariate given all other variables in model are unchanged.</p><p>Asterisks represent p-values for association within the column HIV/CD4 group (*<0.05, **<0.01, ***<0.001).</p

Univariate variables and Change in CD4 count at 6, 12, and 24 months from pre-ART visit.

<p>Abbreviations: ART = antiretroviral therapy, BMI = body mass index, FFMI = fat free mass index, FMI = fat mass index, RWF =  Rwandan Francs, WHO = World Health Organization.</p

Characteristics of 537 HIV-infected women participants prior to initiation of antiretroviral therapy.

<p>Abbreviations: RWF = Rwandan Francs; WHO =  World Health Organization; BMI = body mass index; FFMI = fat free mass index; FMI = fat mass index.</p

The effect of protease inhibitors on the IL-8-cleaving activity in genital tract fluid.

<p>A. Two samples positive for IL-8 cleavage (samples 26 and 56) were incubated with recombinant IL-8 for 20 h at 37°C in the presence or absence (No I) of EDTA or a cocktail of protease inhibitors (general protease inhibitor, GPI). B. MMP inhibitors Marimastat and C471474 were tested. For both A and B, control is IL-8 incubated without genital fluid or inhibitors. Samples were analyzed at 20 h by IL-8 ELISA. Shown are the mean values ± SD. * p<0.05, **p<0.1, t test compared to no inhibitor.</p

Description of ART usage among 371 women who initiated treatment.

<p>Proportions of HIV+ ART initiators: 26.7% used AZT, 62.5% used D4T, 89.1% used NRTI total and 1.3% used NRTI other than AZT or D4T.</p><p>Description of ART usage among 371 women who initiated treatment.</p

Cleavage of IL-8 in genital mucosal fluids.

<p>A. Recombinant IL-8 was added to either saline (negative control) or genital fluids (diluted 1:4) from 10 HIV-seropositive subjects and incubated at either 4°C or 37°C for 20 h. Levels of IL-8 were then measured by ELISA. The mean ± SD are shown. B. Recombinant IL-8 was added to genital fluid from subject 26 diluted 1:4 or 1:40 and incubated for 4 or 24 h before detection by ELISA.</p

Relationship of active MMPs and IL-8 cleavage.

<p>A. The amount of MMP activity in genital fluids 22 samples positive for IL-8 cleavage and 5 negative for IL-8 cleavage was measured using a fluorogenic substrate and plotted against the % cleavage of IL-8 for each sample. B. The amount of active MMP-9 in the 27 samples was plotted against the % cleavage of IL-8 for each sample.</p

Total MMP levels in mucosal fluid samples.

<p>The concentration of MMPs 1, 3, 7, 8, 9, 10 and 12 were measured by Luminex immunoassay in mucosal fluid samples. 22 samples positive for IL-8 cleavage (square symbols) and 5 samples negative for IL-8 cleavage (x symbols) were evaluated.</p