480 research outputs found
Prevalence of Earth-size planets orbiting Sun-like stars
Determining whether Earth-like planets are common or rare looms as a
touchstone in the question of life in the universe. We searched for Earth-size
planets that cross in front of their host stars by examining the brightness
measurements of 42,000 stars from National Aeronautics and Space
Administration's Kepler mission. We found 603 planets, including 10 that are
Earth size (1-2 Earth-radii) and receive comparable levels of stellar energy to
that of Earth (within a factor of four). We account for Kepler's imperfect
detectability of such planets by injecting synthetic planet-caused dimmings
into the Kepler brightness measurements and recording the fraction detected. We
find that of Sun-like stars harbor an Earth-size planet receiving
between one and four times the stellar intensity as Earth. We also find that
the occurrence of Earth-size planets is constant with increasing orbital period
(P), within equal intervals of logP up to d. Extrapolating, one finds
of Sun-like stars harbor an Earth-size planet with orbital
periods of 200-400 d.Comment: Main text: 6 pages, 5 figures, 1 table. Supporting information: 54
pages, 17 pages, 3 tables. Published in the Proceedings of the National
Academy of Sciences available at
http://www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.131990911
Astronomical Anomalies: Their Role in the Quest for Extraterrestrial Life
Astronomers occasionally detect an object having unexpected shape,
unexplainable photometry, or unprecedented spectra that are inconsistent with
our contemporary knowledge of the universe. Upon careful assessment, many of
these anomalies are discarded as mere noise, contamination, or faulty analysis.
But some anomalies survive scrutiny to yield new astronomical objects and
physical processes. Examples of validated anomalies include quasars, pulsars,
and periodic Doppler shifts of Sun-like stars caused by the gravitational pull
of orbiting planets. Other anomalies persist as mysteries, including Fast Radio
Bursts, dark energy, 'Oumuamua as an alien spaceship, and simultaneously
vanishing stars. Advanced technological life may present astronomers with
anomalies that require carefully designed observations from multiple vantage
points simultaneously and with real-time spectroscopy.Comment: 9 pages. This paper is for the general publi
Empirical Limits on Radial Velocity Planet Detection for Young Stars
We report initial results from our long term search using precision radial
velocities for planetary-mass companions located within a few AU of stars
younger than the Sun. Based on a sample of >150 stars, we define a floor in the
radial velocity scatter, sigma_RV, as a function of the chromospheric activity
level R'_{HK}. This lower bound to the jitter, which increases with increasing
stellar activity, sets the minimum planet mass that could be detected. Adopting
a median activity-age relationship reveals the astrophysical limits to planet
masses discernable via radial velocity monitoring, as a function of stellar
age. Considering solar-mass primaries having the mean jitter-activity level,
when they are younger than 100 / 300 / 1000 Myr, the stochastic jitter
component in radial velocity measurements restricts detectable companion masses
to > 0.3 / 0.2 / 0.1 M_Jupiter. These numbers require a large number -- several
tens -- of radial velocity observations taken over a time frame longer than the
orbital period. Lower companion mass limits can be achieved for stars with less
than the mean jitter and/or with an increased number of observations.Comment: 5 pages, to appear the 18th Cambridge Workshop on Cool Stars, Stellar
Systems, and the Sun proceedings edited by G. van Belle & H. Harri
Identification and Removal of Noise Modes in Kepler Photometry
We present the Transiting Exoearth Robust Reduction Algorithm (TERRA) --- a
novel framework for identifying and removing instrumental noise in Kepler
photometry. We identify instrumental noise modes by finding common trends in a
large ensemble of light curves drawn from the entire Kepler field of view.
Strategically, these noise modes can be optimized to reveal transits having a
specified range of timescales. For Kepler target stars of low photometric
noise, TERRA produces ensemble-calibrated photometry having 33 ppm RMS scatter
in 12-hour bins, rendering individual transits of earth-size planets around
sun-like stars detectable as ~3 sigma signals.Comment: 18 pages, 7 figures, submitted to PAS
Optical SETI: A Spectroscopic Search for Laser Emission from Nearby Stars
We have searched for nonastrophysical emission lines in the optical spectra
of 577 nearby F, G, K, and M main-sequence stars. Emission lines of
astrophysical origin would also have been detected, such as from a
time--variable chromosphere or infalling comets. We examined ~20 spectra per
star obtained during four years with the Keck/HIRES spectrometer at a
resolution of 5 km/s, with a detection threshold 3% of the continuum flux
level. We searched each spectrum from 4000-5000 angstroms for emission lines
having widths too narrow to be natural from the host star, as well as for lines
broadened by astrophysical mechanisms. We would have detected lasers that emit
a power, P>60 kW, for a typical beam width of ~0.01 arcsec (diffraction-limit
from a 10-m aperture) if directed toward Earth from the star. No lines
consisstent with laser emission were found.Comment: 27 pages, 11 figures, uses aastex.st
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