Das geflügelte Krokodil. Codierung von Totenbuch-Vignetten

Das Totenbuch zählt zu den bedeutendsten und am häufigsten belegten religiösen Texten des Alten Ägypten. Obwohl die Hälfte aller Handschriften neben den Sprüchen auch Vignetten besitzt, die einen erheblichen inhaltlichen und formalen Anteil der Handschriften ausmachen, konzentrierte sich die Forschung lange auf die Texte. So werden die Vignetten selbst in aktuellen Editionen oftmals nur beschrieben. Dagegen vermisst man, dass Stil und Ikonografie wie die Texte anhand von Parallelen analysiert werden. Besonders wenig Aufmerksamkeit wird den Vignetten der spätzeitlichen Totenbücher geschenkt, weil sie im Vergleich zu ihren Vorläufern im Neuen Reich als standardisiert gelten. Als Referenz verlassen sich viele Wissenschaftler deshalb auf Papyrus Turin 1791. Dieses Manuskript wurde 1842 von Richard Lepsius für damalige Verhältnisse mustergültig ediert. Noch heute dient es beim Text- und Bildvergleich als bedeutende Parallele. Dabei ist die Stellung von P.Turin 1791 noch unklar. Denn nur ein Bruchteil der etwa 1400 spätzeitlichen Handschriften mit Vignetten ist bisher publiziert, so dass das Spektrum der Varianten weitgehend unbekannt ist. Eine Übersicht über das Material und die kritische Durchsicht der Edition macht deutlich, dass man sich nicht allein auf P.Turin 1791 verlassen kann. Es gibt nämlich weit mehr Varianten als bisher angenommen wurde, und P.Turin 1791 gibt auch nicht immer den am häufigsten belegten Typ wieder. Der Artikel hinterfragt also die Verwendung von P.Turin 1791 als Referenz und zeigt die Vielfältigkeit der Vignetten in den Totenbüchern der Saitischen Rezension. Dabei wird demonstriert, dass die unterschiedlichen Varianten mit lokalen Traditionen erklärt werden können. Darüber hinaus wirft der Beitrag die Frage auf, wie die Vignetten von 1400 Handschriften überhaupt sinnvoll aufgearbeitet werden können. Der Artikel ist die schriftliche Abfassung des Vortrags „Das geflügelte Krokodil“ vom 28. Juni 2008 anlässlich der 40. Ständigen Ägyptologenkonferenz in Würzburg und des Vortrags „Encoding Vignettes of the Book of the Dead“ vom 10. Juli 2008 anlässlich eines Treffens der Arbeitsgruppe Informatik und Ägyptologie in Wien. Erstveröffentlichung: Marcus Müller-Roth, Das geflügelte Krokodil. Codierung von Totenbuch-Vignetten, in: Nigel Strudwick (ed.), Information Technology and Egyptology in 2008. Proceedings of the meeting of the Computer Working Group of the International Association of Egyptologists (Informatique et Egyptologie), Vienna, 8–11 July 2008, Bible in Technology Supplement 1, Piscataway 2008, 49-70

Universal Algorithm for Simulating and Evaluating Cyclic Voltammetry at Macroporous Electrodes by Considering Random Arrays of Microelectrodes

An algorithm for the simulation and evaluation of cyclic voltammetry (CV) at macroporous electrodes such as felts, foams, and layered structures is presented. By considering 1D, 2D, and 3D arrays of electrode sheets, cylindrical microelectrodes, hollow‐cylindrical microelectrodes, and hollowspherical microelectrodes the internal diffusion domains of the macroporous structures are approximated. A universal algorithm providing the timedependent surface concentrations of the electrochemically active species, required for simulating cyclic voltammetry responses of the individual planar, cylindrical, and spherical microelectrodes, is presented as well. An essential ingredient of the algorithm, which is based on Laplace integral transformation techniques, is the use of a modified Talbot contour for the inverse Laplace transformation. It is demonstrated that first‐order homogeneous chemical kinetics preceding and/or following the electrochemical reaction and electrochemically active species with non‐equal diffusion coefficients can be included in all diffusion models as well. The proposed theory is supported by experimental data acquired for a reference reaction, the oxidation of [Fe(CN)6]4− at platinum electrodes as well as for a technically relevant reaction, the oxidation of VO2+ at carbon felt electrodes. Based on our calculation strategy, we provide a powerful open source tool for simulating and evaluating CV data implemented into a Python graphical user interface (GUI)

In Vivo Effects of a Thymosin a1-Containing Colostral Whey Product on N eutrophils and Lymphocytes from Lactating Cows Without and With Experimentally Induced Staphylococcus aureus Mastitis

Two separate experiments evaluated ID-1 (a commercial bovine whey product containing 5200 pg of thymosin α1/ml) as an immunotherapeutic agent in lactating cows. In the first experiment, cows without mastitis were evaluated for blood leukogram, milk production, total and differential milk cell counts, lymphocyte (Lc) blastogenesis, and neutrophil (PMN) functions (random and directed migration under agarose, chemiluminescence, ingestion of bacteria, iodination, cytochrome C reduction, antibody-independent neutrophil-mediated cytotoxicity, and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity) before and after ID-1 therapy. ID-1 treatment resulted in a significant treatment group by time period interaction for the relative proportion of mononuclear cells (MNC) in milk (P\u3c0.009) and for PMN random migration (P\u3c0.01). Based on these interactions, ID-1 treatment appeared to slightly increase the proportion of small MNC in milk and to increase random migration from pretreatment levels by 73% more than increases observed in controls. No significant effect of ID-1 treatment on milk production, total milk somatic cell counts, Lc blastogenesis, or other PMN functions was observed. In cows with experimental Staphylococcus aureus intramammary infections, ID-1 treatment resulted in a significant decline in blood leukocyte count (P\u3c0.001) and blood PMN count (P\u3c0.02), and maintained PMN random migration (P\u3c0.01) while controls declined and abrogated a depression in the ability of Lc to respond to mitogens (P\u3c0.05) that developed in controls as a result of S. aureus mastitis. Injection of ID-1 into cows had no adverse effect on their overall health or level of milk production, but did cause subtle and potentially favorable changes in several in vitro immune parameters. In spite of these subtle changes which might indicate increased resistance to mastitis, cows actually developed a more severe S. aureus intramammary infection based on a 9% increase in log10 bacterial shedding in milk

Personality types revisited–a literature-informed and data-driven approach to an integration of prototypical and dimensional constructs of personality description

A new algorithmic approach to personality prototyping based on Big Five traits was applied to a large representative and longitudinal German dataset (N = 22,820) including behavior, personality and health correlates. We applied three different clustering techniques, latent profile analysis, the k-means method and spectral clustering algorithms. The resulting cluster centers, i.e. the personality prototypes, were evaluated using a large number of internal and external validity criteria including health, locus of control, self-esteem, impulsivity, risk-taking and wellbeing. The best-fitting prototypical personality profiles were labeled according to their Euclidean distances to averaged personality type profiles identified in a review of previous studies on personality types. This procedure yielded a five-cluster solution: resilient, overcontroller, undercontroller, reserved and vulnerable-resilient. Reliability and construct validity could be confirmed. We discuss wether personality types could comprise a bridge between personality and clinical psychology as well as between developmental psychology and resilience research

Transport properties of highly asymmetric hard-sphere mixtures

The static and dynamic properties of binary mixtures of hard spheres with a diameter ratio of sigma(B)/sigma(A)= 0.1 and a mass ratio of m(B)/m(A)= 0.001 are investigated using event driven molecular dynamics. The contact values of the pair correlation functions are found to compare favorably with recently proposed theoretical expressions. The transport coefficients of the mixture, determined from simulation, are compared to the predictions of the revised Enskog theory using both a third-order Sonine expansion and direct simulation Monte Carlo. Overall, the Enskog theory provides a fairly good description of the simulation data, with the exception of systems at the smallest mole fraction of larger spheres (x(A)=0.01) examined. A "fines effect" was observed at higher packing fractions, where adding smaller spheres to a system of large spheres decreases the viscosity of the mixture; this effect is not captured by the Enskog theory