4 research outputs found
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Controlled Synthesis of Smaller than 100 nm Lignin Nanoparticles in a Furnace Aerosol Reactor
Lignin,
a constituent of biomass, is a byproduct waste
of the pulp
and paper industry that may have several potential applications in
nanoparticle form. Conventional synthesis of lignin nanoparticles
(LNPs) involves physicochemical batch and multistep processes. We
report here a continuous and single-step process for the synthesis
of LNPs in a furnace aerosol reactor (FuAR) starting from bulk powders
with minimal use of solvents. The synthesized LNPs were analyzed for
their size distribution and functional group composition. Based on
the changes in functional groups, the maximum temperature in the FuAR
for obtaining LNPs without significant chemical degradation was found
to be around 300 °C at a residence time of 5.8 s. The as-produced
LNPs had a geometric mean diameter between 50 and 68 nm. Furthermore,
the bulk and as-synthesized LNPs were tested for UV protection applications.
The observed improvement in UV protection with a decrease in lignin
particle size is systematically investigated using the optical absorption
parameter, which provides a quantitative correlation for the effect
of lignin particle size and mass concentration on UV protection performance.
Overall, this study contributes to advancing lignin valorization by
demonstrating the synthesis of LNPs using the scalable FuAR method
and providing a novel quantitative correlation for the design of high-performance
lignin-based UV protection materials
Reuse of Lignin to Synthesize High Surface Area Carbon Nanoparticles for Supercapacitors Using a Continuous and Single-Step Aerosol Method
There is a growing demand for the synthesis of high surface
area
carbons, also known as carbon nanoparticles (CNPs). Existing synthesis
methods for high surface area carbons have limited environmental benignity
and economic viability due to the requirement of multistep and batch
processes and harsh activating and/or templating chemicals. Herein,
we demonstrate the synthesis of high surface area CNPs from lignin,
a waste byproduct, through a single-step, continuous gas phase aerosol
technique without the use of activating or templating chemicals. This
continuous approach requires significantly less time for synthesis:
on the order of seconds in comparison to hours for conventional methods.
Properties of carbon materials synthesized from lignin are controlled
by temperature and residence time, and the role of these parameters
inside the aerosol reactor on carbon nanoparticle size, morphology,
molecular structure, and surface area is systematically investigated.
Furthermore, the as-obtained carbon nanoparticles are tested for specific
capacitance, and the best-performing material (surface area 925 m2/g) exhibited a specific capacitance of 247 F/g at 0.5 A/g
with excellent capacity retainment of over 98% after 10,000 cycles.
This is a clear demonstration of their superior performance compared
with supercapacitors synthesized earlier from lignin. Overall, the
simple (single-step, continuous, and rapid) operation and the avoidance
of the use of activating/templating chemicals make the aerosol technique
a promising candidate for the scalable and sustainable synthesis of
CNPs from lignin
Enhancing Aromatic Production from Reductive Lignin Disassembly: <i>in Situ</i> O‑Methylation of Phenolic Intermediates
The selective conversion
of lignin into aromatic compounds has
the potential to serve as a “green” alternative to the
production of petrochemical aromatics. Herein, we evaluate the addition
of dimethyl carbonate (DMC) to a biomass conversion system that uses
a Cu-doped porous metal oxide (Cu<sub>20</sub>PMO) catalyst in supercritical
methanol (sc-MeOH) to disassemble lignin with little to no char formation.
While Cu<sub>20</sub>PMO catalyzes C–O hydrogenolysis of aryl–ether
bonds linking lignin monomers, it also catalyzes arene methylation
and hydrogenation, leading to product proliferation. The MeOH/DMC
co-solvent system significantly suppresses arene hydrogenation of
the phenolic intermediates responsible for much of the undesirable
product diversity via O-methylation of phenolic −OH groups
to form more stable aryl-OCH<sub>3</sub> species. Consequently, product
proliferation was greatly reduced and aromatic yields greatly enhanced
with lignin models, 2-methoxy-4-propylphenol, benzyl phenyl ether,
and 2-phenoxy-1-phenylethan-1-ol. In addition, organosolv poplar lignin
(OPL) was examined as a substrate in the MeOH/DMC co-solvent system.
The products were characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
(<sup>31</sup>P, <sup>13</sup>C, and 2D <sup>1</sup>H–<sup>13</sup>C NMR) and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry techniques.
The co-solvent system demonstrated enhanced yields of aromatic products
Understanding Multiscale Structural Changes During Dilute Acid Pretreatment of Switchgrass and Poplar
Biofuels
produced from lignocellulosic biomass hold great promise
as a renewable alternative energy and fuel source. To realize a cost
and energy efficient approach, a fundamental understanding of the
deconstruction process is critically necessary to reduce biomass recalcitrance.
Herein, the structural and morphological changes over multiple scales
(5–6000 Å) in herbaceous (switchgrass) and woody (hybrid
poplar) biomass during dilute sulfuric acid pretreatment were explored
using neutron scattering and X-ray diffraction. Switchgrass undergoes
a larger increase (20–84 Å) in the average diameter of
the crystalline core of the elementary cellulose fibril than hybrid
poplar (19–50 Å). Switchgrass initially forms lignin aggregates
with an average size of 90 Å that coalesce to 200 Å, which
is double that observed for hybrid poplar, 55–130 Å. Switchgrass
shows a smooth-to-rough transition in the cell wall surface morphology
unlike the diffuse-to-smooth transition of hybrid poplar. Yet, switchgrass
and hybrid poplar pretreated under the same experimental conditions
result in pretreated switchgrass producing higher glucose yields (∼76
wt %) than pretreated hybrid poplar (∼60 wt %). This observation
shows that other aspects like cellulose allomorph transitions, cellulose
accessibility, cellular biopolymer spatial distribution, and enzyme–substrate
interactions may be more critical in governing the enzymatic hydrolysis
efficiency