A study of withdrawn applications and inquiries for categorical aid at an intake section, Boston Welfare Department

Thesis (M.S.)--Boston Universit

FIMCAR VII: Full-Width Test Procedure: Review and Metric Development

For the assessment of vehicle safety in frontal collisions compatibility (which consists of self and partner protection) between opponents is crucial. Although compatibility has been analysed worldwide for over 10 years, no final assessment approach has been defined to date. Taking into account the European Enhanced Vehicle safety Committee (EEVC) compatibility and frontal impact working group (WG15) and the FP5 VC-COMPAT project activities, two test approaches have been identified as the most promising candidates for the assessment of compatibility. Both are composed of an off-set and a full overlap test procedure. In addition another procedure (a test with a moving deformable barrier) is getting more attention in current research programmes. The overall objective of the FIMCAR project is to complete the development of the candidate test procedures and propose a set of test procedures suitable for regulatory application to assess and control a vehicle’s frontal impact and compatibility crash safety. In addition an associated cost benefit analysis should be performed. The objectives of the work reported in this deliverable were to review existing full-width test procedures and their discussed compatibility metrics, to report recent activities and findings with respect to full-width assessment procedures and to assess test procedures and metrics. Starting with a review of previous work, candidate metrics and associated performance limits to assess a vehicle’s structural interaction potential, in particular its structural alignment, have been developed for both the Full Width Deformable Barrier (FWDB) and Full Width Rigid Barrier (FWRB) tests. Initial work was performed to develop a concept to assess a vehicle’s frontal force matching. However, based on the accident analyses performed within FIMCAR frontal force matching was not evaluated as a first priority and thus in line with FIMCAR strategy the focus was put on the development of metrics for the assessment of structural interaction which was evaluated as a first priority

FIMCAR XIII: Cost Benefit Analysis

Although the number of road accident casualties in Europe is falling the problem still remains substantial. In 2011 there were still over 30,000 road accident fatalities [EC 2012]. Approximately half of these were car occupants and about 60 percent of these occurred in frontal impacts. The next stage to improve a car’s safety performance in frontal impacts is to improve its compatibility for car-to-car impacts and for collisions against objects and HGVs. Compatibility consists of improving both a car’s self and partner protection in a manner such that there is good interaction with the collision partner and the impact energy is absorbed in the car’s frontal structures in a controlled way which results in a reduction of injuries. Over the last ten years much research has been performed which has found that there are four main factors related to a car’s compatibility [Edwards 2003, Edwards 2007]. These are structural interaction potential, frontal force matching, compartment strength and the compartment deceleration pulse and related restraint system performance. The objective of the FIMCAR FP7 EC-project was to develop an assessment approach suitable for regulatory application to control a car’s frontal impact and compatibility crash performance and perform an associated cost benefit analysis for its implementation

FIMCAR VIII: Full-Width Test Procedure: Updated Protocol

For the assessment of vehicle safety in frontal collisions compatibility (which consists of self and partner protection) between opponents is crucial. Although compatibility has been analysed worldwide for over 10 years, no final assessment approach has been defined to date. Taking into account the European Enhanced Vehicle safety Committee (EEVC) compatibility and the final report to the steering committee on frontal impact [Faerber 2007] and the FP5 VC-COMPAT[Edwards 2007] project activities, two test approaches were identified as the most promising candidates for the assessment of compatibility. Both are composed of an off-set and a full overlap test procedure. In addition another procedure (a test with a moving deformable barrier) is getting more attention in current research programmes. The overall objective of the FIMCAR project is to complete the development of the candidate test procedures and propose a set of test procedures suitable for regulatory application to assess and control a vehicle’s frontal impact and compatibility crash safety. In addition an associated cost benefit analysis will be performed. In the FIMCAR Deliverable D 3.1 [Adolph 2013] the development and assessment of criteria and associated performance limits for the full width test procedure were reported. In this Deliverable D3.2 analyses of the test data (full width tests, car-to-car tests and component tests), further development and validation of the full width assessment protocol and development of the load cell and load cell wall specification are reported. The FIMCAR full-width assessment procedure consists of a 50 km/h test against the Full Width Deformable Barrier (FWDB). The Load Cell Wall behind the deformable element assesses whether or not important Energy Absorbing Structures are within the Common Interaction Zone as defined based on the US part 581 zone. The metric evaluates the row forces and requires that the forces directly above and below the centre line of the Common Interaction Zone exceed a minimum threshold. Analysis of the load spreading showed that metrics that rely on sum forces of rows and columns are within acceptable tolerances. Furthermore it was concluded that the Repeatability and Reproducibility of the FWDB test is acceptable. The FWDB test was shown to be capable to detect lower load paths that are beneficial in car-to-car impacts

FIMCAR II: Accident Analysis

For the assessment of vehicle safety in frontal collisions compatibility (which consists of self and partner protection) between opponents is crucial. Although compatibility has been analysed worldwide for years, no final assessment approach has been defined to date. Taking into account the European Enhanced Vehicle safety Committee (EEVC) compatibility and frontal impact working group (WG15) and the EC funded FP5 VC-COMPAT project activities, two test approaches have been identified as the most promising candidates for the assessment of compatibility. Both are composed of an off-set and a full overlap test procedure. In addition another procedure (a test with a moving deformable barrier) is getting more attention in today’s research programmes. The overall objective of the FIMCAR project is to complete the development of the candidate test procedures and propose a set of test procedures suitable for regulatory application to assess and control a vehicle’s frontal impact and compatibility crash safety. In addition an associated cost benefit analysis should be performed. The specific objectives of the work reported in this deliverable were: • Determine if previously identified compatibility issues are still relevant in current vehicle fleet o Structural interaction o Frontal force matching o Compartment strength in particular for light cars • Determine nature of injuries and injury mechanisms o Body regions injured o Injury mechanism ▪ Contact with intrusion ▪ Contact ▪ Deceleration / restraint induced The main data sources for this report were the CCIS and Stats 19 databases from Great Britain and the GIDAS database from Germany. The different sampling and reporting schemes for the detailed databases (CCIS & GIDAS) sometimes do not allow for direct comparisons of the results. However the databases are complementary – CCIS captures more severe collisions highlighting structure and injury issues while GIDAS provides detailed data for a broader range of crash severities. The following results represent the critical points for further development of test procedures in FIMCAR

Cluster-Licht Wechselwirkungen und Abbildungen des Clusterwachstums

In dieser Arbeit wird der Wachstumsprozess von Edelgasclustern und deren Wechselwirkung mit hochintensiver Röntgenstrahlung untersucht. Experimente am "Freie Elektronen Laser in Hamburg" (FLASH) ermöglichten durch die kohärente Strahlung und die kurze Wellenlänge im Vakuumultravioletten die für die Untersuchung der Wachstumsdynamik von Clustern wichtigen Abbildungen einzelner Cluster. Die Erschließung des Regimes der harten Röntgenstrahlung durch die "Linac Coherent Light Source" (LCLS) erlaubte die Untersuchung der Ionisationsdynamik von Kryptonclustern in diesem Regime. Zur statistischen Datenaufarbeitung und Auswertung wurden für beide Experimente speziell angepasste Computerprogramme entwickelt. Die Messsoftware "FoxIT" konnte darauf basierend entwickelt werden. "FoxIT" verwendet Multithreading sowie ein auf HDF5 basierendes Dateiformat zur effektiven Bündelung der Messdaten. Die Software kann somit die Steuerung und Datenerfassung zukünftiger Streuexperimente vereinfachen. In den am FLASH durchgeführten Experimenten wurde die Methode zur Einzelclusterstreuung weiterentwickelt. Die Integration von Invakuum-Motoren zur Spiegeljustage sowie die Installation eines Flugzeitmassenspektrometers zur Charakterisierung der Fokusintensität ermöglichten erhöhte Präzision bei der Justierung und damit Messungen bei höherer Photonendichte in der Interaktionszone. Somit konnten weitere Optimierungen der Positionen der Streulichtdetektoren durchgeführt werden, was in verbessertem Kontrast der Einzelcluster-Streubilder und somit einer verbesserten Auflösung der Streuexperimente resultierte. Auf diese Weise ließ sich aus den Streudaten eine Größenverteilung der Cluster im Clusterstrahl bestimmen, die sich mit den Skalierungsgesetzen der Clusterphysik vergleichen ließ. Mithilfe der erweiterten Messapparatur konnte das für die Clusterbildung wichtige Verschmelzen von einzelnen Clustern zu einem Zwillingscluster abgebildet werden. Basierend auf der Temperaturänderung der Cluster wurde ein Modell entwickelt, welches diese Bildung von Zwillingsclustern erklärt. Das Modell diente als Grundlage für die Erstellung einer Computersimulation des Wachstumsprozesses, die gute Übereinstimmung mit den experimentellen Ergebnissen zeigt. Die kurze Wellenlänge des FEL-Lichts an der LCLS, dem ersten FEL für harte Röntgenstrahlung, erlaubt die Untersuchung immer kleinerer Strukturen und ist daher ein weiterer Schritt auf dem Weg zur Entwicklung abbildender Verfahren bis hin zu atomarer Auflösung. In dieser Arbeit ist die Ionisationsdynamik von Edelgasclustern bei diesen Photonenenergien untersucht worden. Die Analyse der Wechselwirkung an der Krypton L-Kante bei 1.7 keV mit der Einzelclusterstreumethode zeigt, dass die Ionisation nur schwach von der Photonenenergie abhängt. Dies kann durch eine nahezu vollständige Sättigung der Absorption des Clusters erklärt werden. Eine Kombination der Einzelcusterstreuung mit Flugzeit-Spektroskopie ermöglichte Ionenspektroskopie an einzelnen Clustern. Bei diesen Koinzidenzmessungen konnten extrem hoch geladene Fragmente von Kryptonclustern sowie das Fehlen von niedrig geladenen Rekombinationsprodukten nachgewiesen werden. Dies deutet auf einen effizienten Erhitzungsprozess des Nanoplasmas hin, welcher die Rekombinationen innerhalb des Plasmas stark unterdrückt. Diese im Experiment gewonnen Erkenntnisse können somit die Basis für weitere theoretische Betrachtungen auf der Basis von Plasmasimulationen bilden.This work presents findings on the growth process of rare gas clusters and their interaction with highly intense x-ray radiation. Using the "Freie Elektronen Laser in Hamburg" (FLASH), a light source producing coherent electromagnetic radiation with a short wavelength in the vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) regime, studies of the growth dynamics of single particles on the nanometer scale were performed on a single shot basis. The Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS) opened the hard x-ray regime as a new range of the electromagnetic spectrum available for the study of ionization dynamics of krypton clusters. In order to realize statistic preparation and analysis of the data a variety of especially designed computer programs were developed. Additionally, the data acquisition software FoxIT has been developed based on a multi-threading concept introducing a HDF5 based file format of high storing performance. FoxIt will help simplify data acquisition for future imaging experiments at FLASH. For experiments performed at FLASH the experimental setup was improved by including in-vacuum motorization of the back focusing mirror in combination with a build-in time-of-flight ion detector for the online characterization of the focal spot. With these modifications the peak power density of the FEL could be used more effectively. As a result, the contrast in the scattering patterns could be increased, enhancing the resolution limit of the scattering images. The image quality was further improved by an optimization of the detectors’ positions. The upgraded setup enabled the determination of the cluster size distribution in the cluster beam with single cluster scattering patterns, allowing comparison to well established scaling laws. In addition, the setup enabled imaging of the process of two clusters coalescing and forming a twin cluster during cluster growth. Based on analysis of the cluster temperature, a theoretical model was developed, describing the formation of twin clusters. This model was tested using a numerical computer simulation of the growth process, which shows good agreement with the experimental data. The worlds first free-electron laser (FEL) for the hard x-ray regime, the LCLS, allows in-depth studies of smaller structures due to it's short wavelength. The research presented here discusses the ionization dynamics of rare gas clusters with x-rays. The interaction between the highly intense x-ray radiation and the clusters has been investigated at the krypton L-absorption edge at 1.7 keV. Using single cluster scattering techniques it was found that the ionization efficiency is virtually independent of the excitation energy with respect to the L-edge. This can be explained with the almost complete saturation of the absorption of the cluster. A combination of single cluster scattering with time-of-flight ion spectroscopy is presented enabling single cluster ion spectroscopy. These coincidence measurements reveal extremely high charged krypton ions while low charged residuals from recombination processes are almost absent. The experimental findings give evidence to an efficient heating mechanism of the plasma suppressing recombination. These results can be of great help for future plasma simulations discussing the development of the laser-induced nanoplasma on a theoretical basis

Habitat observations of Ariolimax columbianus Gould

Volume: 56Start Page: 96End Page: 9

[Diary Feb. 1938 - Dec. 1939].

This diary tells about a Jewish family – husband, wife, and two children – who leave Linz, Austria, to move to Vienna and manage to send the children to England. When the war breaks out in September 1939 the parents manage to immigrate to the US, settling in Los Angeles in late 1939. The diary ends here, without ever mentioning the children after their arrival in England.An English translation is followed by the original's German language transcript.Adolph Markus was born 1898 in Linz, Austria; he died 1971 in Los Angeles, California.The diary was donated to the LBI by Adolph Markus’ son, Eric Marcus.Synopsis in fileAustrian Heritage Collectio