Technological appropriability and demand preferences: the case of the pharmaceutical industry

<p></p><p>Abstract This paper develops a history-friendly model for the pharmaceutical industry, with replications of features specific to the Brazilian market. The goal was to demonstrate the relevance of demand on the economic and technological progress in industries with high technological development, as pointed out by Nelson (2013). In short, the findings highlight the importance of considering the demand heterogeneity in evolutionary models and are conclusive regarding this objective. Significant changes in the market, financial and technological results for industrial firms were achieved with changes to the parameterization of consumers.</p><p></p

Structural transformations and cumulative causation: towards an evolutionary micro-foundation of the Kaldorian growth model

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DIC assay estimations of the percentage of circulating blood exposed from a sample taken 1 day after exposure.

<p>LP = Legs Protected. HP = Head Protected.</p><p>DIC assay estimations of the percentage of circulating blood exposed from a sample taken 1 day after exposure.</p

Flt-3 ligand kinetics as an example of biomarker with long time window of relevance.

<p>The averaged values of TBI animals are significantly higher than PBI animals from 3d after exposure (*p<0.05) and peak 21d post-exposure (**p<0.01 and ***p<0.001).</p

Validation of the animal exposure model using PLSDA.

<p>a) The R2 value of a given model may be used to assess its degree of fit to the data (99.8%) and the Q2 value of the model is used to assess the predictive power of the model (82.0%). b) Scores plot showing a clear distinction of 5Gy TBI animals from the 5 Gy equivalent PBI. LP = Legs Protected. HP = Head Protected.</p

Hematopoietic bone marrow (BM) colony-forming units from exposed and shielded humerus.

<p>The values here represented are the average of the 2 animals of each exposure group. The exposed areas showed a dose-dependent decrease 1d after exposure and there’s a start of recovery at 42d. In the legend “10 Gy 50% PBI exposed side” refers to bone marrow cells extracted from the exposed side of the animal subjected to a 10 Gy 50% PBI. “10 Gy 50% PBI shielded side” refers to bone marrow cells extracted from the shielded side of the animal (shielded using a 20 cm thick lead screen) subjected to a 10 Gy 50% PBI.</p

Kinetics of Creatine Kinase (CK) as an example of an early biomarker.

<p>The average of CK values of TBI animals are significantly higher than PBI animals from 1d after exposure (*p<0.05; **p<0.01; ***p<0.001).</p