Effect of an intervention based on child-care centers to reduce risk behaviors for obesity in preschool children

AbstractBackgroundPreschool age is a critical stage for health promotion and prevention of obesity, which is an emerging public health problem in children. The aim of this study was to design and evaluate the effect of a multifaceted intervention based on child-care centers to reduce risk behaviors for obesity among preschool children.MethodsA 12-month cluster-randomized community trial was conducted in 16 Mexican Institute of Social Security child-care centers in Mexico City. Children between 2 and 4 years of age enrolled in the selected child-care centers participated in the study. Intervention comprised 12 weekly curriculum sessions for the children, and six family workshops. Changes in children’s dietary and physical activity, food availability at home, and maternal feeding styles were determined after 6 and 12 months. Changes within groups among stages, and between groups by stage were analyzed through X2 test.ResultsThe intervention showed a decrease of home availability for some non-recommended foods and an increase in physical activity in the intervention group compared to the control group.ConclusionsImprovement in physical activity can be effective in the long term; innovative strategies aimed to modify family dietary risk behaviors are required

Diseño de una aplicación electrónica para la evaluación del ambiente nutricional y sanitario en escuelas, basado en las mejores pruebas disponibles

VIII Congreso Iberoamericano de Nutrición. ¿Nutrición basada en la videncia o en la evidencia

Perceptions of childcare staff for preventing overweight in Mexican preschool children: A SWOT analysis

Objective. To identify strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT) perceived by childcare staff for prevent­ing childhood overweight. Materials and methods. Qualitative study using an interpretative phenomenological approach; 18 in-depth, semi-structured interviews and 12 focus groups with 89 key informants working in six Mexican public childcare centers (CCC) were conducted. Through content and SWOT analyses, experts further ranked fifty-nine recurrent perceptions regarding healthy feeding and physical activity (PA), using the Delphi method. Results. Strengths: Acknowledgement of the CCC’s responsibility in fostering healthy feeding, availability of organizational regulations, and access to PA infrastructure/indoor activities. Weaknesses: Disregard of preschool overweight as a health problem, nu­tritional misperceptions, and perceived risk of child injuries while conducting PA. Opportunities: Willingness to reduce children’s access to junk foods, and parental active play with children during weekends. Threats: Limited family nutritional education, and restricted parental time/economic constraints/ access to safe public spaces for PA. Conclusion. The identi­fied SWOT must be considered when developing obesity-prevention interventions targeted at CCC

Feasibility and impact of Creciendo Sanos, a clinic-based pilot intervention to prevent obesity among preschool children in Mexico City

Background: Mexico has the highest adult overweight and obesity prevalence in the Americas; 23.8% of children <5 years old are at risk for overweight and 9.7% are already overweight or obese. Creciendo Sanos was a pilot intervention to prevent obesity among preschoolers in Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS) clinics. Methods: We randomized 4 IMSS primary care clinics to either 6 weekly educational sessions promoting healthful nutrition and physical activity or usual care. We recruited 306 parent-child pairs: 168 intervention, 138 usual care. Children were 2-5 years old with WHO body mass index (BMI) z-score 0-3. We measured children’s height and weight and parents reported children’s diet and physical activity at baseline and 3 and 6-month follow-up. We analyzed behavioral and BMI outcomes with generalized mixed models incorporating multiple imputation for missing values. Results: 93 (55%) intervention and 96 (70%) usual care families completed 3 and 6-month follow-up. At 3 months, intervention v. usual care children increased vegetables by 6.3 servings/week (95% CI, 1.8, 10.8). In stratified analyses, intervention participants with high program adherence (5-6 sessions) decreased snacks and screen time and increased vegetables v. usual care. No further effects on behavioral outcomes or BMI were observed. Transportation time and expenses were barriers to adherence. 90% of parents who completed the post-intervention survey were satisfied with the program. Conclusions: Although satisfaction was high among participants, barriers to participation and retention included transportation cost and time. In intention to treat analyses, we found intervention effects on vegetable intake, but not other behaviors or BMI. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01539070. Comisión Nacional de Investigación Científica del IMSS: 2009-785-120

Prevalence of anemia and deficiency of iron, folic acid, and zinc in children younger than 2 years of age who use the health services provided by the Mexican Social Security Institute

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>In Mexico, as in other developing countries, micronutrient deficiencies are common in infants between 6 and 24 months of age and are an important public health problem. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of anemia and of iron, folic acid, and zinc deficiencies in Mexican children under 2 years of age who use the health care services provided by the Mexican Institute for Social Security (IMSS).</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>A nationwide survey was conducted with a representative sample of children younger than 2 years of age, beneficiaries, and users of health care services provided by IMSS through its regular regimen (located in urban populations) and its Oportunidades program (services offered in rural areas). A subsample of 4,955 clinically healthy children was studied to determine their micronutrient status. A venous blood sample was drawn to determine hemoglobin, serum ferritin, percent of transferrin saturation, zinc, and folic acid. Descriptive statistics include point estimates and 95% confidence intervals for the sample and projections for the larger population from which the sample was drawn.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Twenty percent of children younger than 2 years of age had anemia, and 27.8% (rural) to 32.6% (urban) had iron deficiency; more than 50% of anemia was not associated with low ferritin concentrations. Iron stores were more depleted as age increased. Low serum zinc and folic acid deficiencies were 28% and 10%, respectively, in the urban areas, and 13% and 8%, respectively, in rural areas. The prevalence of simultaneous iron and zinc deficiencies was 9.2% and 2.7% in urban and rural areas. Children with anemia have higher percentages of folic acid deficiency than children with normal iron status.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Iron and zinc deficiencies constitute the principal micronutrient deficiencies in Mexican children younger than 2 years old who use the health care services provided by IMSS. Anemia not associated with low ferritin values was more prevalent than iron-deficiency anemia. The presence of micronutrient deficiencies at this early age calls for effective preventive public nutrition programs to address them.</p

Preferencias alimentarias y estado de nutrición en niños escolares de la Ciudad de México

Introducción: Durante la niñez es fundamental el desarrollo de prácticas saludables que definan buenos hábitos que perdurarán a lo largo de la vida. El objetivo de este estudio fue identificar las preferencias alimentarias y su variación de acuerdo con el estado nutricional de niños escolares en la Ciudad de México. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio transversal que incluyó a 1,456 niños escolares de ocho escuelas públicas en la Ciudad de México. Los niños respondieron un cuestionario autoadministrado sobre sus preferencias de 70 alimentos seleccionados, y se les realizó antropometría; los padres proporcionaron información sociodemográfica de la familia. Se evaluaron las preferencias de cada alimento con escala tipo Likert y se calcularon las frecuencias para el total de niños y por nivel nutricional. Resultados: La mediana de edad de los niños fue de 9 años. El 48.6% tuvo sobrepeso u obesidad. Los alimentos con mayor preferencia fueron frutas, pizzas, leche con sabor y papas a la francesa (fritas). Los alimentos menos preferidos fueron verduras, cereales integrales, pescado, carnes y queso panela. El agua (72%) y las bebidas azucaradas (71%) tuvieron alta preferencia. No se encontraron variaciones en las preferencias con respecto al estado nutricional. Conclusiones: El patrón de preferencias alimentarias de los niños escolares representa un riesgo para el consumo inadecuado de alimentos y para el aumento en la prevalencia de obesidad en esta población. Se requiere de intervenciones oportunas para promover un entorno alimentario saludable y que las preferencias nutricionales sean adecuadas desde edades tempranas

Childhood obesity in Mexico: A critical analysis of the environmental factors, behaviours and discourses contributing to the epidemic

Mexico has the highest prevalence globally for children who are overweight. We conducted a qualitative study to understand childhood obesity in Mexico and the complex factors at play. Data were collected at three elementary schools in a low socio-economic area in Mexico City. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 60 children, 24 parents and 28 teachers. The children interviewed were between the ages of 8 and 12 years old. Interview texts were analysed using NVivo 9 and 10 and thematic discourse analysis was used. Findings revealed how children’s choices around nutrition and physical activity were constrained by their environment and discursive constructions

Diseño de una aplicación electrónica para la evaluación del ambiente nutricional y sanitario en escuelas, basado en las mejores pruebas disponibles

VIII Congreso Iberoamericano de Nutrición. ¿Nutrición basada en la videncia o en la evidencia

Efecto de una intervención basada en guarderías para reducir conductas de riesgo de obesidad en niños preescolares

Introducción: La edad preescolar es una etapa crítica para la promoción de la salud y la prevención de la obesidad, que es un problema emergente de salud pública en la niñez. El objetivo de este trabajo fue diseñar y evaluar el efecto de una intervención multifacética basada en la atención en guarderías para reducir conductas de riesgo de obesidad en niños preescolares. Métodos: Se realizó un ensayo comunitario, aleatorizado por conglomerados, en 16 guarderías del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social de la Ciudad de México. El estudio duró 12 meses. Participaron niños entre 2 y 4 años de edad que asistían a las guarderías. La intervención consistió en 12 sesiones educativas semanales interactivas para los niños y seis talleres familiares. Se determinaron cambios de alimentación y actividad física, disponibilidad en el hogar por tipo de alimentos y estilos maternos de alimentación a 6 y 12 meses. Se comparó el cambio por etapa en cada grupo y entre ambos grupos en cada etapa con la prueba χ2. Resultados: Se observó la reducción de disponibilidad en el hogar de algunos alimentos no recomendados y una mayor actividad física en el grupo de intervención. Conclusiones: La mejora en actividad física puede tener efecto en el largo plazo; se requieren estrategias innovadoras que modifiquen las conductas alimentarias de riesgo para obesidad en las familias