Hardy's paradox and violation of a state-independent Bell inequality in time

Tests such as Bell's inequality and Hardy's paradox show that joint probabilities and correlations between distant particles in quantum mechanics are inconsistent with local realistic theories. Here we experimentally demonstrate these concepts in the time domain, using a photonic entangling gate to perform nondestructive measurements on a single photon at different times. We show that Hardy's paradox is much stronger in time and demonstrate the violation of a temporal Bell inequality independent of the quantum state, including for fully mixed states.Comment: Published Version, 4 pages, 3 figures. New, more boring titl

National innovation system, competitiveness and economic growth

Differences in income-elasticities of imports and exports among countries bring about distinct degrees of external constraints to growth. This argument has been pointed out by Prebisch and by authors in the Kaldorian tradition. Prebisch’s explanations for this phenomenon relate to the differences in international insertion between agrarian / peripheral and industrial / central economies. Kaldorian authors, in turn, refer to Prebisch only to explain why such elasticities differ between products and between countries. However, even after undergoing industrialization processes, several economies still face external constraints to growth. The aim of this paper is to explain differences in trade elasticities among industrial economies. Therefore, it intends to demonstrate, by using the Neo-Schumpeterian literature, the causal relations between the development of a National Innovation System, the differences in income-elasticities of imports and exports, the degree of competitiveness and the degree of external vulnerability of an economy.national innovation system, competitiveness, external vulnerability

Optimal Monetary Rules: The Case of Brazil

Within a dynamic programming approach we derive an optimal rule for the central bank to attain it's inflation targeting goals. The short-run nominal interest rate is used as an instrument to achieve monetary objectives. The model is tested for the Brazilian economy and compared with results found for other countries. Evidence for the estimated feedback interest rule for the Central Bank suggests that the cost of reducing inflation in an open economy is lower than that of a closed economy.

Treatment of the Prominent Mandibular Angle by Using a Custom Made Surgical Splint

In this case report, we would like to present an alternative surgical technique for the treatment of the bilateral prominent mandibular angles by using a custom-made resin splint (template). The prefabricated template provided a precise outline for the osteotomy, which alleviated the uncertainty of the osseous cut. Furthermore, masseter muscle myomectomy was not necessary in this case which decreased morbidity, and procedure and recovery time, while assuring a more symmetric outcome

Reabilitação energética do Parque Residencial: metodologia para determinação de soluções de custo ótimo

O sector dos edifícios é um dos maiores consumidores de energia a nível global e consequentemente representa um forte contributo para as emissões de gases com efeito de estufa, pelo que a redução desse consumo bem como a utilização de energia proveniente de fontes renováveis constituem neste sector medidas importantes e necessárias para mitigar os efeitos das alterações climáticas. Essa redução terá de incidir sobre os edifícios existentes quando sujeitos a obras de reabilitação, uma vez que apenas com a atuação sobre os edifícios novos, levaria demasiado tempo até se obterem impactos relevantes face ao reduzido ritmo de substituição do parque edificado. A concretização do potencial de poupança de energia nos edifícios existentes depende da combinação de medidas de eficiência energética e de geração de energia de fontes renováveis que, para além de garantirem os objectivos energéticos e ambientais estabelecidos, o consigam com o melhor compromisso entre o custo de investimento e o custo de utilização do edifício ao longo do seu tempo de vida. O presente artigo apresenta uma metodologia para a determinação das soluções de reabilitação de custo ótimo, ou seja, das soluções que apresentem o menor custo considerando o investimento na operação de reabilitação e os custos de utilização do edifício ao longo do seu ciclo de vida, e demonstra a aplicação dessa metodologia num edifício residencial característico do parque edificado de Portugal