Extreme Ultraviolet Quasar Colours from GALEX Observations of the SDSS DR14Q Catalogue

The rest-frame far to extreme ultraviolet (UV) colour–redshift relationship has been constructed from data on over 480,000 quasars carefully cross-matched between SDSS Data Release 14 and the final GALEX photometric catalogue. UV matching and detection probabilities are given for all the quasars, including dependencies on separation, optical brightness, and redshift. Detection limits are also provided for all objects. The UV colour distributions are skewed redward at virtually all redshifts, especially when detection limits are accounted for. The median GALEX far-UV minus near-UV (FUV − NUV) colour–redshift relation is reliably determined up to z ≈ 2.8, corresponding to rest-frame wavelengths as short as 400 Å. Extreme UV (EUV) colours are substantially redder than found previously, when detection limits are properly accounted for. Quasar template spectra were forward modelled through the GALEX bandpasses, accounting for intergalactic opacity, intrinsic reddening, and continuum slope variations. Intergalactic absorption by itself cannot account for the very red EUV colours. The colour–redshift relation is consistent with no intrinsic reddening, at least for SMC-like extinction. The best model fit has a FUV continuum power-law slope αν, FUV = −0.34 ± 0.03 consistent with previous results, but an EUV slope αν, EUV = −2.90 ± 0.04 that is much redder and inconsistent with any previous composite value (all ≳ −2.0). The EUV slope difference can be attributed in part to the tendency of previous studies to preferentially select UV brighter and bluer objects. The weak EUV flux suggests quasar accretion disc models that include outflows such as disc winds

Análise das velocidades: referencial de 4mM, de equilíbrio de 30 min e velocidade crítica em nadadoras adolescentes Velocities analysis: 4 mM reference, 30 min steady-state and critical velocity in female adolescent swimmers

OBJETIVO: Comparar os resultados do cálculo da velocidade de limiar anaeróbio (Lan), correspondente a 4mM de lactato, obtidos em testes de 2 x 400m (V4-2), 4 x 400m (V4-4) e a velocidade crítica (VC) relacionando-as com a velocidade média determinada no teste de 30 min (VMT30) em nadadoras adolescentes. METODOLOGIA: Participaram deste estudo 20 nadadoras (14,36 ± 1,22 anos; 52,75 ± 5,32kg; 159,97 ± 11,26cm; 22,5 ± 4,73% gordura corporal) de nível regional e estadual com pelo menos dois anos de treinamento sistemático. Testes realizados: Teste de 30 min (VMT30), Teste de duas distâncias (V4-2), Teste de quatro distâncias (V4-4) e Velocidade Crítica (VC). Análise estatística: o procedimento adotado para a comparação de todas as metodologias, duas a duas, foi a técnica de análise de regressão simples. RESULTADOS: As velocidades médias dos testes foram: VMT30: 1,12 ± 0,06m/s; V4-2: 1,14 ± 0,12m/s; V4-4: 1,12 ± 0,06m/s e a VC média: 1,14 ± 0,07m/s. Análise de regressão simples entre as metodologias duas a duas: V4-4 e V4-2 (r = 0,324), VC e V4-2 (r = 0,058), VMT30 e V4-2 (r = 0,595), VC e V4-4 (r = 0,807), VMT30 e V4-4 (r = 0,796) e VMT30 e VC (r = 0,677). As retas de regressão ajustadas apresentaram em relação à bissetriz os valores de p = 0,3060; 0,1716 e 0,0058. CONCLUSÕES: A determinação da VMT30 constitui-se em um bom instrumento para a prescrição de treinamento para as nadadoras estudadas, o que nem sempre ocorre com o modelo V4-2; a [La] de 4mM com quatro pontos e o cálculo do limiar de lactato através da técnica de efeitos aleatórios, mostrou-se viável para a determinação do Lan para as nadadoras, quando comparada com a VMT30; a VC e V4-4 apresentaram boa correlação assim como a VC e VMT30.<br>OBJECTIVE: To compare the results of the calculation of the anaerobic threshold velocity (AT), corresponding to 4 mM lactate, obtained in 2 x 400 m (V4-2), 4 x 400 m (V4-4) tests and critical velocity (CV) relating to the mean velocity determined in the 30 min test (VMT30) in female adolescent swimmers. METHODS: Twenty female swimmers (14.36 ± 1.22 years old; 52.75 ± 5.32 kg ; 159.97 ± 11.26 cm; % body fat 22.5 ± 4.73),with city and state level with at least two years of sistematic training participated in this study. Performed tests: 30 min test (MVT30), two-distance test (V4-2), four-distance test (V4-4) and critical velocity (CV). Statistical analysis: the procedure adopted to compare all methodologies, two by two, was the single regression analysis technique. RESULTS: The mean velocities were: T30: 1.12 ± 0.06 m/s; V4-2: 1.14 ± 0.12 m/s; V4-4: 1.12 ± 0.06 m/s and CV mean = 1.14 ± 0.07 m/s. Single regression analysis between metodologies, two by two: V4-4 and V4-2 (r = 0.324); CVand V4-2 (r = 0,058); MVT30 and V4-2 (r = 0.595); CV and V4-4 (r = 0.807); MVT30 and V4-4 (r = 0,796) and MVT30 and CV (r = 0,77). The adjusted regression lines presented in relation to the bisectrix the values of p = 0.3060; 0.1716 and 0.0058. CONCLUSIONS: The VMT30 determination is a good instrument for training prescription for the female adolescent swimmers studied, unlike the V4-2 model. The 4mM [La] with four points and lactate threshold calculation using random effects technique was useful for the AT determination in female adolescent swimmers, when compared to the MVT30; the CV and V4-4 presented a good correlation as well as the CV and MVT30

Effects of Strength Training on the Physiological Determinants of Middle- and Long-Distance Running Performance: A Systematic Review

This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.Background: Middle- and long-distance running performance is constrained by several important aerobic and anaerobic parameters. The efficacy of strength training (ST) for distance runners has received considerable attention in the literature. However, to date, the results of these studies have not been fully synthesized in a review on the topic. Objectives: This systematic review aimed to provide a comprehensive critical commentary on the current literature that has examined the effects of ST modalities on the physiological determinants and performance of middle- and long-distance runners, and offer recommendations for best practice. Methods: Electronic databases were searched using a variety of key words relating to ST exercise and distance running. This search was supplemented with citation tracking. To be eligible for inclusion, a study was required to meet the following criteria: participants were middle- or long-distance runners with ≥ 6 months experience, a ST intervention (heavy resistance training, explosive resistance training, or plyometric training) lasting ≥ 4 weeks was applied, a running only control group was used, data on one or more physiological variables was reported. Two independent assessors deemed that 24 studies fully met the criteria for inclusion. Methodological rigor was assessed for each study using the PEDro scale. Results: PEDro scores revealed internal validity of 4, 5, or 6 for the studies reviewed. Running economy (RE) was measured in 20 of the studies and generally showed improvements (2–8%) compared to a control group, although this was not always the case. Time trial (TT) performance (1.5–10 km) and anaerobic speed qualities also tended to improve following ST. Other parameters [maximal oxygen uptake (V˙ O 2 max), velocity at V˙ O 2 max, blood lactate, body composition] were typically unaffected by ST. Conclusion: Whilst there was good evidence that ST improves RE, TT, and sprint performance, this was not a consistent finding across all works that were reviewed. Several important methodological differences and limitations are highlighted, which may explain the discrepancies in findings and should be considered in future investigations in this area. Importantly for the distance runner, measures relating to body composition are not negatively impacted by a ST intervention. The addition of two to three ST sessions per week, which include a variety of ST modalities are likely to provide benefits to the performance of middle- and long-distance runners