20 research outputs found
An Improved Lower Bound for Sparse Reconstruction from Subsampled Hadamard Matrices
We give a short argument that yields a new lower bound on the number of
subsampled rows from a bounded, orthonormal matrix necessary to form a matrix
with the restricted isometry property. We show that a matrix formed by
uniformly subsampling rows of an Hadamard matrix contains a
-sparse vector in the kernel, unless the number of subsampled rows is
--- our lower bound applies whenever . Containing a sparse vector in the kernel precludes not only
the restricted isometry property, but more generally the application of those
matrices for uniform sparse recovery.Comment: Improved exposition and added an autho
Natural killer cell transcriptome in patients treated with multi-drug-therapy and host genetic factors influencing leprosy outcome
Leprosy is a bacterial disease of the skin and the nerves, caused by Mycobacterium
leprae. Ever since the introduction of a multi-drug therapy in the 1970âs, worldwide
incidence has been decreasing and the disease has been eradicated in many
countries. However, in recent years occurrence of new cases remains stable at around
200,000 per year. Most new cases are reported in developing countries, and India
accounts for more than half of new cases registered every year. In my thesis, I
investigated how innate immunity plays an important role in regulating the disease
outcome during multi-drug-therapy. This is addressed by examining the transcriptome
profile of specific cells of the innate immunity, namely the Natural Killer (NK) cells.
Secondly, I investigated innate immunity-associated genes of the human host that are
believed to play a significant role in regulating the disease outcome. The thesis is
structured into four different chapters.
In chapter I of my thesis, published as an original study, I evaluated four specific
functional variants in three different genes that are part of the NOD-2 signaling
pathway: NOD2 (rs9302752A/G), LRRK2 (rs1873613A/G), and RIPK2 (rs40457A/G
and rs42490G/A). I utilized 211 clinically classified Indian leprosy patients with 230
ethnically matched controls. The genetic variants were chosen for their role in innate
immunity and because they had been found to be associated to leprosy in an earlier
study carried out in a Han Chinese population. The LRRK2 locus proved to be
associated with leprosy outcome. The LRRK2 rs1873613A minor allele and respective
rs1873613AA genotype were significantly associated with an increased risk whereas
the LRRK2 rs1873613G major allele and rs1873613GG genotypes conferred
protection. Also, the reconstructed GA haplotype from the RIPK2 rs40457A/G and
rs42490G/A variants was observed to contribute towards increased risk.
In chapter II, also published as an original study, I investigated loci in the heterodimeric
transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP) gene, which is known to play a
vital role in immune surveillance. Functional variants both in TAP1 (rs1057141
Iso333Val and rs1135216 Asp637Gly) and TAP2 (rs2228396 Ala565Thr and rs241447
Ala665Thr) were genotyped using a study group of clinically classified Indian leprosy
patients (n = 222) and ethnically matched controls (n = 223). The minor allele of TAP1
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(637G) contributed to an increased risk of leprosy. In the dominant model, two of the
researched genotypes of TAP1, rs1135216AG and rs1135216GG, contributed to an
increased risk of leprosy as well.
In the unpublished chapter III of my thesis, I investigated the interactions of M. leprae
antigen with monocytes and monocyte-derived macrophages by fluorescenceactivated cell sorting. M. leprae whole cell antigen up-regulated L-Selectin expression
in monocytes by 20%. This is a strong indicator of increased migration of phagocytic
cells into the tissue upon identification of a threat by Mycobacterium leprae.
Additionally, the CD163 expression is increased by 30% in macrophages. As CD163
is an indicator of M2-macrophage activity this underlines the role of possible immunoevasion by the pathogen through alternative activation of macrophages.
In chapter IV, also unpublished, peripheral blood mononuclear cells were extracted
from fresh blood of 9 Indian leprosy patients (5 paucibacillary and 4 multibacillary) and
three healthy, ethnically matched controls. The cells were then incubated and
afterwards mRNA was isolated from them. The Natural Killer-cell transcriptome profile
was investigated using microarray technology. LCN2 and APOBEC3 transcription was
predominantly up-regulated in paucibacillary cases, while multibacillary cases were
mostly unchanged and controls were down-regulated. A comparison of paucibacillary
and multibacillary patients with controls as a baseline revealed that multibacillary
patients generally showed a higher transcription of genes associated to cell-cellcommunication, a phenomenon not repeated in paucibacillary patients, which actually
presented a down-regulation in comparison with healthy controls. Further,
multibacillary patients also showed an up-regulation in gene-products involved in
immunity. However, some notable exceptions emerged, such as CD70 and TNFRSF9.
In conclusion, utilizing a combination of molecular genetics, cell-culture experiments,
and microarray technology, a number of promising findings can be presented here
which could serve in deepening our understanding of host-bacterial interactions in
leprosy.Lepra ist eine bakterielle Erkrankung der Haut und Nerven, die von Mycobacterium
leprae hervorgerufen wird. Seit EinfĂŒhrung einer Antibiotikatherapie in den siebziger
Jahren ist die Anzahl an weltweit Infizierten stark gesunken und die Krankheit ist in
vielen LĂ€ndern ausgerottet. In letzter Zeit verbleibt die Zahl an registrierten
Neuerkrankungen jedoch konstant bei ca. 200.000 Personen pro Jahr. Von den
LĂ€ndern, die noch immer unter der Lepra leiden, verzeichnet Indien mehr als die HĂ€lfte
der jÀhrlichen Neuerkrankungen. Die Erforschung der Besonderheiten im Genom der
indischen Bevölkerung, die dieses ermöglichen, sowie die generelle Untersuchung der
komplizierten Interaktionen zwischen Erreger und WirtsimmunitÀt sind die Ziele der
hier prÀsentierten Ergebnisse.
In den Studien fĂŒr Kapitel I verglichen wir 211 klinisch klassifizierte indische
Leprapatienten mit 230 ethnisch entsprechenden Kontrollen. Die vier untersuchten
genetischen Varianten waren: NOD2 (rs9302752A/G), LRRK2 (rs1873613A/G), und
RIPK2 (rs40457A/G und rs42490G/A). Ihnen wurde bereits eine Assoziation mit Lepra
in einer frĂŒheren Studie mit Han Chinesen nachgewiesen. Das rezessive Allel LRRK2
rs1873613A und der entsprechende Genotyp rs1873613AA waren signifikant mit einer
erhöhten Infektionsgefahr assoziiert. Andererseits vermittelten das dominante Allel
LRRK2 rs1873613G und der entsprechende Genotyp rs1873613GG in unserer
Patientenkohorte einen Schutz gegen Lepra im Allgemeinen und gegen die
pauzibazillÀre AusprÀgung im Besonderen. Zudem beobachteten wir, dass der GA
Haplotyp der RIPK2 rs40457A/G und rs42490G/A Varianten mit einem erhöhten Risiko
der Erkrankung einherging, wÀhrend der AA Haplotyp einen Schutz vermittelte.
Im Kapitel II wurden die möglichen Assoziationen von Polymorphismen in den Genen
TAP1 und TAP2 zur Lepra in einer Kohorte von 222 klinisch klassifizierten indischen
Leprapatienten untersucht und mit den Genotypen in 223 ethnisch entsprechen
Kontrollen verglichen. Die Genotypisierung fand durch Sequenzierung in vier Loci statt:
TAP1 (rs1057141 Iso333Val und rs1135216 Asp637Gly) und TAP2 (rs2228396
Ala565Thr und rs241447 Ala665Thr). Das rezessive Allel TAP1 637G trug zu einer
erhöhten AnfĂ€lligkeit fĂŒr Lepra bei. Im dominanten Model trug der Genotyp TAP1
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rs1135216AG + GG zusÀtzlich zu einer Erhöhung der Erkrankungswahrscheinlichkeit
bei.
Im Kapitel III wurden periphere mononukleÀre Blutzellen verwendet, um die
Interaktion von M. leprae-Antigen mit Monozyten und mit aus Monozyten gewonnenen
Makrophagen via âfluorescence-associated cell sortingâ zu untersuchen. Wir fanden
heraus, dass das verwendete Antigen die L-Selectin Expression in Monozyten um 20%
erhöhte. Hier zeigt sich ein möglicher Hinweis darauf, dass die Migration von
phagozytischen Zellen ins Gewebe von der Bedrohung durch Mycobacterium leprae
gefördert wird. Zudem war die CD163 Expression in aktivierten Makrophagen um 30%
höher. CD163 ist ein Indikator fĂŒr M2-MakrophagenaktivitĂ€t, daher ergeben sich aus
dieser Tatsache weiterfĂŒhrende Fragestellungen ĂŒber die Rolle von M. leprae in der
alternativen Aktivierung von Makrophagen. Da alle Experimente mit einem Antigen
ausgefĂŒhrt wurden, das aus fragmentierten Bakterienzellen besteht, kann davon
ausgegangen werden, dass die beobachteten Effekte passiver Natur sind.
FĂŒr Kapitel IV wurden periphere mononukleĂ€re Blutzellen von 9 indischen
Leprapatienten (5 pauzibazillÀr und 4 multibazillÀr) und 3 ethnisch entsprechenden
Kontrollen extrahiert. Die gewonnenen Zellen wurden inkubiert und anschlieĂend
deren mRNA isoliert. HierĂŒber wurde die genetische AktivitĂ€t durch Verwendung von
âmicroarrayâ Technologie bestimmt. Ein individueller Vergleich von Patienten und
Kontrollen zeigte auf, dass LCN2 und APOBEC3 hauptsÀchlich in pauzibazillÀren
FĂ€llen hochreguliert wurden. Ein Vergleich der Patientengruppen enthĂŒllte zudem,
dass multibazillÀre Patienten im Allgemeinen eine höhere Transkription von Genen
zeigten, die mit interzellulÀrer Kommunikation assoziiert sind, wohingegen
pauzibazillĂ€re Patienten hier herunter regulierten. AuĂerdem prĂ€sentierten
multibazillÀre Patienten erhöhte Transkription von Genen, die in die ImmunitÀt
involviert sind. Hier waren jedoch ein paar bemerkenswerte Ausnahmen festzustellen,
wie zum Beispiel in den FĂ€llen von CD70 und TNFRSF9.
AbschlieĂend lĂ€sst sich feststellen, dass diese Dissertation innovative Wege
prÀsentiert, mit denen Lepra trotz der mit der Krankheit assoziierten EinschrÀnkungen
untersucht werden kann. Unter Verwendung einer Kombination von Methoden der
molekularen Genetik, Zellkulturexperimenten, und âmicroarrayâ Technologie war es
uns möglich diverse interessante Entdeckungen zu machen, auf denen zukĂŒnftige
Experimente fuĂen können
An Improved Lower Bound for Sparse Reconstruction from Subsampled Walsh Matrices
We give a short argument that yields a new lower bound on the number of uniformly and independently subsampled rows from a bounded, orthonormal matrix necessary to form a matrix with the restricted isometry property. We show that a matrix formed by uniformly and independently subsampling rows of an N ĂN Walsh matrix contains a K-sparse vector in the kernel, unless the number of subsampled rows is âŠ(KlogKlog(N/K)) â our lower bound applies whenever min(K,N/K) \u3e logC N. Containing a sparse vector in the kernel precludes not only the restricted isometry property, but more generally the application of those matrices for uniform sparse recovery
LRRK2 and RIPK2 variants in the NOD 2-mediated signaling pathway are associated with susceptibility to Mycobacterium leprae in Indian populations
In recent years, genome wide association studies have discovered a large number of gene loci that play a functional role in innate and adaptive immune pathways associated with leprosy susceptibility. The immunological control of intracellular bacteria M. leprae is modulated by NOD2-mediated signaling of Th1 responses. In this study, we investigated 211 clinically classified leprosy patients and 230 ethnically matched controls in Indian population by genotyping four variants in NOD2 (rs9302752A/G), LRRK2 (rs1873613A/G), RIPK2 (rs40457A/G and rs42490G/A). The LRRK2 locus is associated with leprosy outcome. The LRRK2 rs1873613A minor allele and respective rs1873613AA genotypes were significantly associated with an increased risk whereas the LRRK2 rs1873613G major allele and rs1873613GG genotypes confer protection in paucibacillary and leprosy patients. The reconstructed GA haplotypes from RIPK2 rs40457A/G and rs42490G/A variants was observed to contribute towards increased risk whereas haplotypes AA was observed to confer protective role. Our results indicate that a possible shared mechanisms underlying the development of these two clinical forms of the disease as hypothesized. Our findings confirm and validates the role of gene variants involved in NOD2-mediated signalling pathways that play a role in immunological control of intracellular bacteria M. leprae