Comparison of oscillometric, Doppler and invasive blood pressure measurement in anesthetized goats

<div><p>Arterial blood pressure (BP) can be measured directly using an invasive intra-arterial method. This method is considered a gold standard, however it is potentially hazardous and requires expensive equipment and professional skills. Therefore, two non-invasive methods–Doppler ultrasonic sphygmomanometry and oscillometry–have been introduced in veterinary medicine. Their accuracy has so far been reliably evaluated in various animal species, however only one study included a small group of goats. Therefore, we carried out a large-scale study which aimed to evaluate agreement between the two non-invasive methods and invasive intra-arterial BP measurement in anesthetized goats at various age. The study included 122 goats of two Polish local breeds (Polish White Improved and Polish Fawn Improved): 67 adult females, 35 adult males, and 20 two-month-old female kids. Goats were anesthetized with the intravenous mixture of xylazine and ketamine. BP was measured simultaneously with the three methods in each goat with 7 measurements on average taken. The study showed that according to the criteria of the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine (ACVIM) oscillometric method yielded BP measurements sufficiently consistent with invasive intra-arterial method in anesthetized adult goats– 95% of oscillometric BP measurements were expected to differ from invasive BP measurements by at most ±20–25 mmHg. The agreement was worse in goat kids–oscillometry significantly overestimated invasive BP measurements, which resulted in highly asymmetrical 95% limits of agreement. Doppler systolic BP very poorly conformed to invasive systolic BP both in adult goats and in kids and all the ACVIM criteria were violated. Concluding, oscillometry, but not Doppler ultrasonic sphygmomanometry, may be regarded as an alternative to invasive BP measurement in large-scale scientific studies involving adult goats, however, individual oscillometric BP measurements should be treated with caution as estimated 95% limits of agreement were wide.</p></div

Agreement between invasive and oscillometric systolic (SBP), diastolic (DBP) and mean (MBP) blood pressure depending on the blood pressure class in adult goats.

<p>Agreement between invasive and oscillometric systolic (SBP), diastolic (DBP) and mean (MBP) blood pressure depending on the blood pressure class in adult goats.</p

Overall agreement between invasive and oscillometric systolic (SBP), diastolic (DBP), mean (MBP) blood pressure, and pulse pressure (PP) as well as between invasive and Doppler systolic (SBP) blood pressure in adult goats and in kids.

<p>Overall agreement between invasive and oscillometric systolic (SBP), diastolic (DBP), mean (MBP) blood pressure, and pulse pressure (PP) as well as between invasive and Doppler systolic (SBP) blood pressure in adult goats and in kids.</p

Comparison of echocardiographic measurements between Polish White Improved (PWI) and Polish Fawn Improved (PFI) goats.

<p>Comparison of echocardiographic measurements between Polish White Improved (PWI) and Polish Fawn Improved (PFI) goats.</p

Systolic (SBP), diastolic (DBP) and mean (MBP) blood pressure and pulse pressure (PP) by invasive and oscillometric method in three animal groups–adult female goats (AF), adult male goats (AM) and female goat kids (K).

<p>Systolic (SBP), diastolic (DBP) and mean (MBP) blood pressure and pulse pressure (PP) by invasive and oscillometric method in three animal groups–adult female goats (AF), adult male goats (AM) and female goat kids (K).</p

The right parasternal short-axis view of the left and right ventricles at the level of papillary muscles RV- right ventricle, LV- left ventricle.

<p>The right parasternal short-axis view of the left and right ventricles at the level of papillary muscles RV- right ventricle, LV- left ventricle.</p

Reference intervals of 17 2D, M-mode and pulsed wave Doppler echocardiographic measurements in 125 healthy adult dairy goats.

<p>Reference intervals of 17 2D, M-mode and pulsed wave Doppler echocardiographic measurements in 125 healthy adult dairy goats.</p

M-mode of the right and left ventricle obtained from the right parasternal short-axis view at the level of papillary muscles.

<p>RVd- right ventricle, IVSd- inter-ventricular septum, LVIDd—left ventricular internal diameter, LVPWd- left ventricular posterior wall thickness in diastole respectively, IVSs- inter-ventricular septum, LVIDs—left ventricular internal diameter, LVPWs- left ventricular posterior wall thickness in systole respectively.</p

Coefficient of repeatability (CoR) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) of echocardiographic measurements performed in 20 adult goats on two consecutive days; mean difference between the two consecutive echocardiographic examinations with standard deviation (SD) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI), and result of one sample Student’s t-test are also presented (α = 0.05).

<p>Coefficient of repeatability (CoR) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) of echocardiographic measurements performed in 20 adult goats on two consecutive days; mean difference between the two consecutive echocardiographic examinations with standard deviation (SD) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI), and result of one sample Student’s t-test are also presented (α = 0.05).</p

Between-day coefficient of variation (CV) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) of echocardiographic measurements performed in 20 adult goats on two consecutive days.

<p>Between-day coefficient of variation (CV) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) of echocardiographic measurements performed in 20 adult goats on two consecutive days.</p