Transmission of disseminated neoplasia in the soft shell clam, Mya arenaria

Disseminated neoplasia (DN) is a proliferative cell disorder that occurs in the circulatory system of bivalves. The condition is progressive and lethal. At least 15 species of bivalves over a wide range of geographic locations have been reported to contract DN. Prevalence levels of disseminated neoplasia can reach up to 90% in some populations. In the laboratory, the condition can be transferred to healthy individuals by injection of hemolymph from animals of the same species with high intensity levels of DN. Studies were conducted to investigate transmission of disseminated neoplasia in the soft shell clam, Mya arenaria. It was determined that soft shell clams from two Oregon bays were susceptible to DN by injection, and that the lack of DN in these west coast populations of soft shell clams was not due to disease resistance in these animals. Additionally, it was demonstrated that onset, development of DN, and survival were directly correlated to the number of neoplastic cells injected into the animal. Experiments investigating water-borne transmission showed that the disease is infectious, and an exposure to DN cell in the hemolymph of highly affected clams was sufficient to cause disease. In a cohabitation study, transmission of DN from one DN positive animal to healthy animals was observed, with specific information collected on the length of exposure and DN intensity of the animals involved. Finally, transmission of disseminated neoplasia was not found to be successful using cell-free filtrates prepared from DN cells and DN positive soft shell clam tissue. A PCR enhanced reverse transcriptase assay was employed, and reverse transcriptase activity was detected in samples prepared from DN positive materials

Journal of Teaching Effectiveness and Student Achievement Volume 1, Issue 1

JournalAngelo State University College EducationSupervised Field Experiences for Pre-­Service Teachers:Is it Worth the Effort? Dr. Tammy Abernathy, Dr. Ginny Beck, and Dr. Shanon Taylor………….…..5 Math Remediation?-­ Success is Possible! Dr. Deborah Banker and Dr. Stella Filizola …………………………...……………..17 Improving Pre-­Service Teacher Dispositions Dr. Marcia Bolton and Dr. Dana Reisboard ……….………………………………...24 An Investigation into the Expansive-­‐Restrictive Nature of Teachers’ Learning Situated in the Workplace Dr. Eric J. Feeney ……………………………………………………………………….………33 Using Metacognitive Awareness of Fluency to Enhance Vocabulary Dr. Teri Fowler and Dr. William Laird ………………………………………….……..44 Culturally Responsive Teaching: Increasing Involvement of Minority Students and Parents Ms. Angela Piña …………………………………………………………………………………52 Teacher Candidates’ Perceptions of Special Education Dr. S. Nina Saha-­‐Gupta, Dr. Margarita Lara, and Mr. Jeffrey House………………….60 The Teacher Preparation Initiative Dr. Yolanda Salgado, Dr. Janet A. Carter, Dr. Jeannine Hurst, and Dr. Ann Marie Smith……...…..7

Complementary approaches to diagnosing marine diseases: a union of the modern and the classic

Linking marine epizootics to a specific etiology is notoriously difficult. Recent diagnostic successes show that marine disease diagnosis requires both modern, cutting-edge technology (e.g. metagenomics, quantitative realtime PCR) and more classic methods (e.g. transect surveys, histopathology and cell culture). Here, we discuss how this combination of traditional and modern approaches is necessary for rapid and accurate identification of marine diseases, and emphasize how sole reliance on any one technology or technique may lead disease investigations astray. We present diagnostic approaches at different scales, from the macro (environment, community, population and organismal scales) to the micro (tissue, organ, cell and genomic scales). We use disease case studies from a broad range of taxa to illustrate diagnostic successes from combining traditional and modern diagnostic methods. Finally, we recognize the need for increased capacity of centralized databases, networks, data repositories and contingency plans for diagnosis and management of marine disease