66 research outputs found
Turbulent breakage of ductile aggregates
In this paper we study breakage rate statistics of small colloidal aggregates
in non-homogeneous anisotropic turbulence. We use pseudo-spectral direct
numerical simulation of turbulent channel flow and Lagrangian tracking to
follow the motion of the aggregates, modelled as sub-Kolmogorov massless
particles. We focus specifically on the effects produced by ductile rupture:
This rupture is initially activated when fluctuating hydrodynamic stresses
exceed a critical value, , and is brought to completion
when the energy absorbed by the aggregate meets the critical breakage value. We
show that ductile rupture breakage rates are significantly reduced with respect
to the case of instantaneous brittle rupture (i.e. breakage occurs as soon as
). These discrepancies are due to the different energy
values at play as well as to the statistical features of energy distribution in
the anisotropic turbulence case examined.Comment: Accepted for publication in Phys. Rev. E (April 2015
Large-eddy simulation of turbulent dispersed flows: a review of modelling approaches
In large-eddy simulation (LES) of turbulent dispersed flows, modelling and numerical inaccuracies are incurred because LES provides only an approximation of the filtered velocity. Interpolation errors can also occur (on coarse-grained domains, for instance). These inaccuracies affect the estimation of the forces acting on particles, obtained when the filtered fluid velocity is supplied to the Lagrangian equation of particle motion, and accumulate in time. As a result, particle trajectories in LES fields progressively diverge from particle trajectories in DNS fields, which can be considered as the exact numerical reference: the flow fields seen by the particles become less and less correlated, and the forces acting on particles are evaluated at increasingly different locations. In this paper, we review models and strategies that have been proposed in the Eulerian\u2013Lagrangian framework to correct the above-mentioned sources of inaccuracy on particle dynamics and to improve the prediction of particle dispersion in turbulent dispersed flows
Time persistency of floating particle clusters in free-surface turbulence
We study the dispersion of light particles floating on a flat shear-free
surface of an open channel in which the flow is turbulent. This configuration
mimics the motion of buoyant matter (e.g. phytoplankton, pollutants or
nutrients) in water bodies when surface waves and ripples are smooth or absent.
We perform direct numerical simulation of turbulence coupled with Lagrangian
particle tracking, considering different values of the shear Reynolds number
(Re{\tau} = 171 and 509) and of the Stokes number (0.06 < St < 1 in viscous
units). Results show that particle buoyancy induces clusters that evolve
towards a long-term fractal distribution in a time much longer than the
Lagrangian integral fluid time scale, indicating that such clusters over-live
the surface turbulent structures which produced them. We quantify cluster
dynamics, crucial when modeling dispersion in free-surface flow turbulence, via
the time evolution of the cluster correlation dimension
Appraisal of energy recovering sub-grid scale models for large-eddy simulation of turbulent dispersed flows
Current capabilities of Large-Eddy Simulation (LES) in Eulerian-Lagrangian studies of dispersed flows are limited by the modeling of the Sub-Grid Scale (SGS) turbulence effects on particle dynamics. These effects should be taken into account in order to reproduce accurately the physics of particle dispersion since the LES cut-off filter removes both energy and flow structures from the turbulent flow field. In this paper, we examine the possibility of including explicitly SGS effects by incorporating ad hoc closure models in the Lagrangian equations of particle motion. Specifically, we consider candidate models based on fractal interpolation and approximate deconvolution techniques. Results show that, even when closure models are able to recover the fraction of SGS turbulent kinetic energy for the fluid velocity field (not resolved in LES), prediction of local segregation and, in turn, of near-wall accumulation may still be inaccurate. This failure indicates that reconstructing the correct amount of fluid and particle velocity fluctuations is not enough to reproduce the effect of SGS turbulence on particle near-wall accumulatio
Particle interaction with binary-fluid interfaces in the presence of wetting effects
In this paper, we present an Eulerian-Lagrangian methodology to simulate the
interaction between a fluid-fluid interface and a solid particle in the
presence of wetting effects. The target physical problem is represented by
ternary phase systems in which a solid phase and a drop phase interact inside
an incompressible Newtonian carrier fluid. The methodology is based on an
Eulerian-Lagrangian approach that allows for the numerical solution of the
Continuity and Navier-Stokes equations by using a pseudo-spectral method,
whereas the drop phase is modelled by the Phase Field Method, in which a smooth
transition layer represented by an hyperbolic function is considered both
across the solid-fluid interface and across the drop-fluid interface. Finally,
the solid phase is described in the form of a virtual force using the Direct
Forcing Immersed Boundary approach. The properties of the immersed solid phase
(including wetting effects), the deformability of the drops and the
characteristics of the carrier fluid flow are the main controlling parameters.
To simulate a ternary phase system, the solid phase is coupled to the
binary-fluid phase by introducing a single well potential in the free-energy
density functional, which can also control the solid surface wetting property.
The capabilities of the methodology are proven by examining first 2D and 3D
validation cases in which a solid particle is settling in a quiescent fluid.
Then, the interaction of solid particles with a binary-fluid interface and the
effects of surface wetting on the submergence of a quasi-buoyant body are
discussed. Finally, the equilibrium configuration for a solid particle
interacting with an equally-sized drop at different contact angles and the
relative rotation of two solid particles bridged by a drop are examined in the
case the interaction is induced by shear fluid flow deformations on the drop
interface
Experimental Study on the Detection of Frozen Diffused Ammonia Blockage in the Inactive Section of a Variable Conductance Heat Pipe
Variable Conductance Heat Pipes (VCHP) are mainly employed to cool down
electronic systems in spacecraft applications, as they can handle high
temperature fluctuations in their cold source, preventing thus the systems from
damaging. These fluctuations, as well as ultra-low temperatures, are always
present in outer space, and one of the key steps in a VCHP design is therefore
to make sure that they endure these conditions. However, not much has been
written about their resilience during and after a long exposition to
subfreezing conditions, i.e. temperatures lower than the freezing point of the
working fluid. In this paper we implement and validate a computational routine
based on a modified Flat-Front Approach to predict the VCHP temperature profile
and to determine the location of the gas-vapor front. Then we continuously
expose an ammonia/stainless-steel VCHP to temperatures below the ammonia
freezing point for 211 hours, to later examine the formation and subsequent
dynamics of a thin block of frozen ammonia which is diffused into the inactive
part of the heat pipe condenser. We describe as well how a strong correlation
between the adiabatic section and the reservoir temperatures is maintained (or
broken) upon the occurrence (or absence) of the blockage of frozen ammonia.Comment: Under review for possible publication in Applied Thermal Engineerin
Experimental assessment of mixing layer scaling laws in Rayleigh-Taylor instability
We assess experimentally the scaling laws that characterize the mixing region
produced by the Rayleigh-Taylor instability in a confined porous medium. In
particular, we wish to assess experimentally the existence of a superlinear
scaling for the growth of the mixing region, which was observed in recent
two-dimensional simulations. To this purpose, we use a Hele-Shaw cell. The flow
configuration consists of a heavy fluid layer overlying a lighter fluid layer,
initially separated by a horizontal, flat interface. When small perturbations
of concentration and velocity fields occur at the interface, convective mixing
is eventually produced: Perturbations grow and evolve into large finger-like
convective structures that control the transition from the initial
diffusion-dominated phase of the flow to the subsequent convection-dominated
phase. As the flow evolves, diffusion acts to reduce local concentration
gradients across the interface of the fingers. When the gradients become
sufficiently small, the system attains a stably-stratified state and diffusion
is again the dominant mixing mechanisms. We employ an optical method to obtain
high-resolution measurements of the density fields and we perform experiments
for values of the Rayleigh-Darcy number (i.e., the ratio between convection and
diffusion) sufficiently large to exhibit all the flow phases just described,
which we characterize via the mixing length, a measure of the extension of the
mixing region. We are able to confirm that the growth of the mixing length
during the convection-dominated phase follows the superlinear scaling predicted
by previous simulations
Appraisal of energy recovering sub-grid scale models for large-eddy simulation of turbulent dispersed flows
Current capabilities of Large-Eddy Simulation (LES) in Eulerian-Lagrangian studies of dispersed flows are limited by the modeling of the Sub-Grid Scale (SGS) turbulence effects on particle dynamics. These effects should be taken into account in order to reproduce accurately the physics of particle dispersion since the LES cut-off filter removes both energy and flow structures from the turbulent flow field. In this paper, we examine the possibility of including explicitly SGS effects by incorporating ad hoc closure models in the Lagrangian equations of particle motion. Specifically, we consider candidate models based on fractal interpolation and approximate deconvolution techniques. Results show that, even when closure models are able to recover the fraction of SGS turbulent kinetic energy for the fluid velocity field ( not resolved in LES), prediction of local segregation and, in turn, of near-wall accumulation may still be inaccurate. This failure indicates that reconstructing the correct amount of fluid and particle velocity fluctuations is not enough to reproduce the effect of SGS turbulence on particle near-wall accumulation
Lagrangian filtered density function for LES-based stochastic modelling of turbulent dispersed flows
The Eulerian-Lagrangian approach based on Large-Eddy Simulation (LES) is one
of the most promising and viable numerical tools to study turbulent dispersed
flows when the computational cost of Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS) becomes
too expensive. The applicability of this approach is however limited if the
effects of the Sub-Grid Scales (SGS) of the flow on particle dynamics are
neglected. In this paper, we propose to take these effects into account by
means of a Lagrangian stochastic SGS model for the equations of particle
motion. The model extends to particle-laden flows the velocity-filtered density
function method originally developed for reactive flows. The underlying
filtered density function is simulated through a Lagrangian Monte Carlo
procedure that solves for a set of Stochastic Differential Equations (SDEs)
along individual particle trajectories. The resulting model is tested for the
reference case of turbulent channel flow, using a hybrid algorithm in which the
fluid velocity field is provided by LES and then used to advance the SDEs in
time. The model consistency is assessed in the limit of particles with zero
inertia, when "duplicate fields" are available from both the Eulerian LES and
the Lagrangian tracking. Tests with inertial particles were performed to
examine the capability of the model to capture particle preferential
concentration and near-wall segregation. Upon comparison with DNS-based
statistics, our results show improved accuracy and considerably reduced errors
with respect to the case in which no SGS model is used in the equations of
particle motion
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