Measurement as Absorption of Feynman Trajectories: Collapse of the Wave Function Can be Avoided

We define a measuring device (detector) of the coordinate of quantum particle as an absorbing wall that cuts off the particle's wave function. The wave function in the presence of such detector vanishes on the detector. The trace the absorbed particles leave on the detector is identifies as the absorption current density on the detector. This density is calculated from the solution of Schr\"odinger's equation with a reflecting boundary at the detector. This current density is not the usual Schr\"odinger current density. We define the probability distribution of the time of arrival to a detector in terms of the absorption current density. We define coordinate measurement by an absorbing wall in terms of 4 postulates. We postulate, among others, that a quantum particle has a trajectory. In the resulting theory the quantum mechanical collapse of the wave function is replaced with the usual collapse of the probability distribution after observation. Two examples are presented, that of the slit experiment and the slit experiment with absorbing boundaries to measure time of arrival. A calculation is given of the two dimensional probability density function of a free particle from the measurement of the absorption current on two planes.Comment: 20 pages, latex, no figure

Double valley Dirac fermions for 3D and 2D Hg1−x_{1-x}Cdx_xTe with strong asymmetry

In this paper the possibility to bring about the double- valley Dirac fermions in some quantum structures is predicted. These quantum structures are: strained 3D Hg$_{1-x}$Cd$_x$Te topological insulator (TI) with strong interface inversion asymmetry and the asymmetric Hg$_{1-x}$Cd$_x$Te double quantum wells (DQW). The numerical analysis of the dispersion relation for 3D TI Hg$_{1-x}$Cd$_x$Te for the proper Cd ($x$)-content of in the Hg$_{1-x}$Cd$_x$Te-compound clearly show that the inversion symmetry breaking together with the unaxial tensile strain causes splitting each of Dirac nodes (two belonging to two interfaces) into two in the proximity of $\Gamma$-point. The similar effects can be obtained for asymmetric Hg$_{1-x}$Cd$_x$Te DQW with the proper content of Cd and proper width of the quantum wells. The aim of this work is to explore the inversion symmetry breaking in 3D TI and 2D DQWs mixed HgCdTe-systems. It is shown that this symmetry breaking leads to the dependence of carriers energy vs quasi-momentum similar to that of Weyl fermions.Comment: arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:1605.09214 by other author

The concept of Index for the Assessment of Regulations' Significance (IARS) in regulatory impact evaluation

This article aims to present the concept of the Index for the Assessment of Regulations’ Significance as a tool used in parliamentary regulatory impact assessment, with a special focus on expost assessment. The Index is an element of the broadly defined economic analysis of law, which can facilitate a more effective scrutiny of parliamentary lawmaking. The Index also enables theRIA (Regulatory Impact Assessment) to be verified by the act originator at the stage of the ex-ante regulatory impact assessment. Furthermore, the Index can also serve as a tool for conducting an analysis of the overall legislation process employed in parliament over a given period of time, on the basis of the adopted legal and substantive criteria.Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie koncepcji wskaźnika oceny istotności regulacji jako narzędzia do wykorzystania w parlamentarnej ocenie skutków regulacji, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem oceny ex-post. Wskaźnik jest elementem szeroko rozumianej ekonomicznej analizy prawa, która umożliwić może skuteczniejszą kontrolę stanowienia prawa przez parlamenty. Wskaźnik umożliwia także weryfikację RIA przeprowadzonego przez projektodawcę na etapie oceny skutków regulacji ex-ante. Ponadto wskaźnik służyć może do przeprowadzenia analizy całego procesu legislacyjnego w parlamencie w danym okresie na podstawie przyjętych kryteriów prawnych i merytorycznych