Baseline characteristics and univariable logistic regression for AIN (any grade) versus no AIN.

<p>Data are medians (interquartile range) or proportions. Proportions are calculated in relation to the no. of patients for which the specific parameter was applicable and available; ^awithin the previous 6 months; ^bActive or cleared/treated infection; cART= combination antiretroviral therapy; NA=not applicable; RAI=Receptive Anal Intercourse; GHB=γ-Hydroxybutyric acid; XTC=ecstasy, 3,4-Methylenedioxy-methamphetamine; OR=Odds Ratio; *significant (p<0,05)</p

Significant predictors of AIN after multivariable logistic regression.

<p>OR=Odds Ratio; CI=confidence interval; cART=combination antiretroviral therapy; GHB=γ-Hydroxybutyric acid; XTC=ectasy, 3,4 Methylenedioxy-methamphetamine</p

Trial flow chart.

<p>Trial flow chart.</p

Distribution of clinical delayed gastric emptying of 54 patients who underwent PPPD^* or palliative bypass procedure with GJ^† and were randomized between a Standard or a Restricted intraoperative fluid protocol.

<p>Distribution of clinical delayed gastric emptying of 54 patients who underwent PPPD^{<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0140294#t003fn001" target="_blank">*</a>} or palliative bypass procedure with GJ<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0140294#t003fn002" target="_blank">^†</a> and were randomized between a Standard or a Restricted intraoperative fluid protocol.</p

Treatment characteristics of 54 patients who underwent PPPD or palliative bypass procedure, and were randomized to the Standard or Restricted group. Data shown include fluid infusion data during the procedure, and i.v.^* noradrenalin and diuresis at the end of operation.

<p>Treatment characteristics of 54 patients who underwent PPPD or palliative bypass procedure, and were randomized to the Standard or Restricted group. Data shown include fluid infusion data during the procedure, and i.v.^{<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0140294#t001fn002" target="_blank">*</a>} noradrenalin and diuresis at the end of operation.</p

Connection piece.

<p>Cyto Set system enabling simultaneous use of 5 infusion bags.</p

Perioperative outcomes of 66 patients randomized between a Standard or Restricted intraoperative fluid protocol, who underwent PD^* or palliative bypass procedure with GJ^†.

<p>Perioperative outcomes of 66 patients randomized between a Standard or Restricted intraoperative fluid protocol, who underwent PD^{<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0140294#t004fn001" target="_blank">*</a>} or palliative bypass procedure with GJ<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0140294#t004fn002" target="_blank">^†</a>.</p

Adverse Drug Events in Older Hospitalized Patients: Results and Reliability of a Comprehensive and Structured Identification Strategy

<div><p>Background</p><p>Older patients are at high risk for experiencing Adverse Drug Events (ADEs) during hospitalization. To be able to reduce ADEs in these vulnerable patients, hospitals first need to measure the occurrence of ADEs, especially those that are preventable. However, data on preventable ADEs (pADEs) occurring during hospitalization in older patients are scarce, and no ‘gold standard’ for the identification of ADEs exists.</p><p>Methodology</p><p>The study was conducted in three hospitals in the Netherlands in 2007. ADEs were retrospectively identified by a team of experts using a comprehensive and structured patient chart review (PCR) combined with a trigger-tool as an aid. This ADE identification strategy was applied to a cohort of 250 older hospitalized patients. To estimate the intra- and inter-rater reliabilities, Cohen’s kappa values were calculated.</p><p>Principal Findings</p><p>In total, 118 ADEs were detected which occurred in 62 patients. This ADE yield was 1.1 to 2.7 times higher in comparison to other ADE studies in older hospitalized patients. Of the 118 ADEs, 83 (70.3%) were pADEs; 51 pADEs (43.2% of all ADEs identified) caused serious patient harm. Patient harm caused by ADEs resulted in various events. The overall intra-rater agreement of the developed strategy was substantial (κ = 0.74); the overall inter-rater agreement was only fair (κ = 0.24).</p><p>Conclusions/Significance</p><p>The ADE identification strategy provided a detailed insight into the scope of ADEs occurring in older hospitalized patients, and showed that the majority of (serious) ADEs can be prevented. Several strategy related aspects, as well as setting/study specific aspects, may have contributed to the results gained. These aspects should be considered whenever ADE measurements need to be conducted. The results regarding pADEs can be used to design tailored interventions to effectively reduce harm caused by medication errors. Improvement of the inter-rater reliability of a PCR remains challenging.</p></div

Characteristics of the included patients.

<p>SD - standard deviation, MDRD eGFR - Modification of Diet in Renal Disease estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate.</p>*<p>Days of hospitalization equals the length of stay on one of the internal medicine wards in days.</p>**<p>MDRD eGFR; for ten patients no laboratory tests were obtained during hospitalization to assess renal function.</p

Six year follow-up regarding survival in of 66 patients randomized between a Standard or Restricted intraoperative fluid protocol, who underwent PD^* or palliative bypass procedure with GJ^†.

<p>Six year follow-up regarding survival in of 66 patients randomized between a Standard or Restricted intraoperative fluid protocol, who underwent PD^{<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0140294#t005fn001" target="_blank">*</a>} or palliative bypass procedure with GJ<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0140294#t005fn002" target="_blank">^†</a>.</p