Influence de l'humidite relative sur l'agressivite et la viabilite des souches de Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuillemin et de Metarhizium anisopliae (Metsch.) Sorokin, hyphomycetes pathogenes de la pyrale du mais, Ostrinia nubilalis Hubn.

Quelques heures d’exposition à des taux d’humidité relative compris entre 10 et 90 p. 100 réduisent considérablement l’activité des hyphomycètes entomopathogènes. Ainsi, la germination des conidies de Beauveria bassiana n’excède pas 20 p. 100 si elles ont été placées 25 j à 30 p. 100 d’hygrométrie. De plus, la durée de la pathogenèse de B. bassiana à l’égard des larves de pyrale du maïs est accrue de 3 j environ lorsque l’humidité relative décroît de 100 à 30 p. 100 ; dans ces conditions le champignon ne peut plus sporuler à la surface des cadavres. Si Metarhizium anisopliae est placé à moins de 90 p. 100 d’hygrométrie, il perd tout pouvoir infectieux à l’égard des oeufs de la pyrale du maïs. Par ailleurs, une exposition de 1 j à des taux d’humidité inférieurs à 90 p. 100 suffit à réduire de 85 p. 100 le nombre d’oeufs attaqués par ce champignon. Les conséquences de ces phénomènes sur l’épidémiologie des hyphomycètes entomopathogènes sont discutées.Metarhizium anisopliae could not attack the eggs of Ostrinia nubilalis if the relative humidity of atmosphere was under 90 %, even for a few hours. At low relative humidity, Beauveria bassiana was able to penetrate O. nubilalis larvae but the LT 50 was much increased and the fungus did not sporulate on the surface of host cadavers. In addition, the viability of conidia of B. bassiana and M. anisopliae was reduced by relative humidity between 5 and 70 %. After 25 days at 30 % RH not more than 20 % of conidia, without any preparation, were able to germinate. In the same way M. anisopliae exposed for one day to 30 % RH at 25 °C could not attack eggs of O. nubilalis. The implications of these results for epizootic development are discussed

Chemical properties and separation of phosphoamino acids by thin-layer chromatography and/or electrophoresis.

International audiencexx

Phosphorylation of Escherichia coli proteins during the SOS response.

International audience1. The phosphorylation of Escherichia coli proteins was analyzed comparatively before and after induction of the SOS response in a temperature-sensitive mutant strain. 2. The presence of phosphorylated proteins was evidenced by gel electrophoresis and autoradiography after labelling with radioactive orthophosphate in vivo or radioactive adenosine triphosphate in vitro. 3. Significant changes in the intensity of protein labelling were observed upon induction of the SOS functions: six proteins were found to be more phosphorylated while two others were less phosphorylated. Moreover, five additional proteins appeared to become phosphorylated exclusively during the SOS response. The molecular mass and isoelectric point of these various proteins were determined. 4. For most proteins, the changes in the pattern of protein phosphorylation were concomitant with variations in the amount of protein synthesized. 5. The changes in the pattern of phosphoproteins observed during the SOS response were not due to the temperature shift required experimentally for expressing the SOS phenotype. 6. Phosphorylation was found to be catalyzed by protein kinases that modify amino acid residues at hydroxyl groups in protein substrates. 7. Both in vivo and in vitro studies brought evidence that neither RecA nor LexA, the two key regulatory proteins of the SOS functions, were capable of undergoing phosphorylation.1. The phosphorylation of Escherichia coli proteins was analyzed comparatively before and after induction of the SOS response in a temperature-sensitive mutant strain. 2. The presence of phosphorylated proteins was evidenced by gel electrophoresis and autoradiography after labelling with radioactive orthophosphate in vivo or radioactive adenosine triphosphate in vitro. 3. Significant changes in the intensity of protein labelling were observed upon induction of the SOS functions: six proteins were found to be more phosphorylated while two others were less phosphorylated. Moreover, five additional proteins appeared to become phosphorylated exclusively during the SOS response. The molecular mass and isoelectric point of these various proteins were determined. 4. For most proteins, the changes in the pattern of protein phosphorylation were concomitant with variations in the amount of protein synthesized. 5. The changes in the pattern of phosphoproteins observed during the SOS response were not due to the temperature shift required experimentally for expressing the SOS phenotype. 6. Phosphorylation was found to be catalyzed by protein kinases that modify amino acid residues at hydroxyl groups in protein substrates. 7. Both in vivo and in vitro studies brought evidence that neither RecA nor LexA, the two key regulatory proteins of the SOS functions, were capable of undergoing phosphorylation

Glucose kinase-dependent catabolite repression in Staphylococcus xylosus.

By transposon Tn917 mutagenesis, 16 mutants of Staphylococcus xylosus were isolated that showed higher levels of beta-galactosidase activity in the presence of glucose than the wild-type strain. The transposons were found to reside in three adjacent locations in the genome of S. xylosus. The nucleotide sequence of the chromosomal fragment affected by the Tn917 insertions yielded an open reading frame encoding a protein with a size of 328 amino acids with a high level of similarity to glucose kinase from Streptomyces coelicolor. Weaker similarity was also found to bacterial fructokinases and xylose repressors of gram-positive bacteria. The gene was designated glkA. Immediately downstream of glkA, two open reading frames were present whose deduced gene products showed no obvious similarity to known proteins. Measurements of catabolic enzyme activities in the mutant strains grown in the presence or absence of sugars established the pleiotropic nature of the mutations. Besides beta-galactosidase activity, which had been used to detect the mutants, six other tested enzymes were partially relieved from repression by glucose. Reduction of fructose-mediated catabolite repression was observed for some of the enzyme activities. Glucose transport and ATP-dependent phosphorylation of HPr, the phosphocarrier of the phosphoenolpyruvate:carbohydrate phosphotransferase system involved in catabolite repression in gram-positive bacteria, were not affected. The cloned glkA gene fully restored catabolite repression in the mutant strains in trans. Loss of GlkA function is thus responsible for the partial relief from catabolite repression. Glucose kinase activity in the mutants reached about 75% of the wild-type level, indicating the presence of another enzyme in S. xylosus. However, the cloned gene complemented an Escherichia coli strain in glucose kinase. Therefore, the glkA gene encodes a glucose kinase that participates in catabolite repression in S. xylosus

TRANSCRIPTIONAL CONTROL OF THE ACETATE OPERON IN ESCHERICHIA-COLI - MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF THE ICLR REPRESSOR

International audiencexx

Sequence analysis of the iclR gene encoding the repressor of the acetate operon in Salmonella typhimurium.

International audiencexx