Bovine/porcine blood combinations tested for their potential use as rearing diet for <i>Glossina brevipalpis</i> and <i>Glossina austeni</i>.

<p>Numbers followed by an * indicate a significant difference between the bovine blood (control) and the various combinations for each species and each group at the 5% level. Quality Factor values (QF) denoted by a different alphabetical letter indicate significant differences for each species. Testing was done at the 5% level. (# = days).</p

Anticoagulants tested for their potential use in blood collection, as opposed to defribination, for <i>Glossina brevipalpis</i> and <i>Glossina austeni</i> rearing diets.

<p>Numbers followed by an * indicate significant differences between the anticoagulant and the defribinated blood for each species. Quality Factor values (QF) denoted by a different alphabetical letter indicate a significantly differences for <i>G</i>. <i>austeni</i>. Testing was done at the 5% level.</p

Joint distribution of wild and sterile <i>Glossina austeni</i> in the Jozani-Chwaka Bay National Park.

<p>Data are log counts from which spatial trends have been removed. A regression plane (dashed lines) of sterile male fly counts versus wild fly counts (males and females) was added to the scatter plot (<i>R</i>² = 0.95, <i>p</i><10⁻⁴).</p

Description of the trapping system.

<p>(a) Unguja Island, and (b) spatial distribution (standardized abundance) of wild and sterile <i>Glossina austeni</i> as sampled with 12 sticky panel traps in the Jozani-Chwaka Bay National Park. See text for explanations on abundance standardization. Longitude and latitude are expressed in km, with the origin at the bottom left corner of the virtual rectangular box bounding trap locations.</p

Duration of copulation, insemination success and spermatheca fill for untreated and sterilized male <i>Ae. albopictus</i>.

<p>105 and 88 copulations were observed for untreated and sterilized males, respectively. There was no significant difference between untreated and sterile male values for any of these parameters (<i>P</i>>0.05).</p

Vertical transmission pattern of the SGHV.

<p>Red, hypertrophied; blue, infected but not hypertrophied; black, uninfected. <b>*</b>: Not confirmed, as no virus free colony is available. X: No progeny (sterile). <b>†</b>: In each generation, a small proportion of the progeny of infected asymptomatic females develop SGH.</p

Sperm transfer to the <i>Ae. albopictus</i> female bursa inseminalis (BI): mean (+ SEM) relative BI surface area according to the mating status of the female.

<p>N was 61, 15, 57 and 9, respectively, for females inseminated once by an untreated male or a sterile male, and females inseminated twice in an interval shorter or longer than 40: ANOVA, <i>P</i><0.05.</p

Photographs of the bursa inseminalis (BI) of female <i>Ae. albopictus</i> inseminated twice as shown by the two distinct masses of semen.

<p>The arrows in A indicate the measurements taken for the bursa surface analysis.</p

Fertility of female <i>Ae. albopictus</i> mated once with an untreated or sterilized male, or twice at various interval of time with males in untreated-sterilized or sterilized-untreated mating sequences.

<p>Individual fertility of females over multiple gonotrophic cycles.</p

Copulation of virgin male <i>Ae. albopictus</i> and insemination success.

<p>Percentage of copulations with untreated or sterile males leading to successful (black bars) or unsuccessful (white bars) insemination, in relation to copulation duration.</p