Cases selection profile.

<p>Cases selection profile.</p

Resource use and costs: average annual amounts of healthcare resource use and costs per patient in CD versus non-CD cohorts (for a maximum of 10 years before and after diagnosis).

1<p>Standard error in parentheses.</p>2<p>Confidence interval in parentheses.</p

Average annual costs per patient in CD versus non-CD cohorts stratified by date of diagnosis/pseudo-diagnosis date (1987–1999; 2000–2005).

1<p>Standard error in parentheses.</p>2<p>Confidence interval in parentheses.</p

Details on observation time and personal characteristics of coeliac disease cohort and control cohort¹.

1<p>Values are numbers and percentages are presented in parentheses.</p>2<p>Matching was performed between cases and controls not on individual years.</p>3<p>most recent.</p

Total costs before and after diagnosis (or pseudo-diagnosis) of coeliac disease.

<p>Total costs before and after diagnosis (or pseudo-diagnosis) of coeliac disease.</p

Total costs before and after diagnosis (or pseudo-diagnosis) of coeliac disease.

<p>Comparison between PRE-2000 and POST-1999 DIAGNOSIS.</p

Average annual cost for prescriptions per patient by British National Formulary (BNF) category in CD versus non-CD cohorts (for a maximum of 10 years before and after diagnosis).

1<p>Standard error in parentheses.</p>2<p>confidence interval in parentheses.</p>3<p>Gluten-free and special diet products.</p

Additional file 1: of Relationship between socioeconomic status and gastrointestinal infections in developed countries: a systematic review protocol

PRISMA-P 2015 checklist. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses for Protocols 2015 (PRISMA-P 2015) checklist was used to develop this protocol. Items 1b and 4 were not applicable

OUTdoor Swimming as a nature-based Intervention for DEpression (OUTSIDE): study protocol for a feasibility randomised control trial comparing an outdoor swimming intervention to usual care for adults experiencing mild to moderate symptoms of depression

Background Depression is common and the prevalence increasing worldwide; at least 1 in 10 people will experience depression in their lifetime. It is associated with economic costs at the individual, healthcare and societal level. Recommended treatments include medication and psychological therapies. However, given the long waiting times, and sometimes poor concordance and engagement with these treatments, a greater range of approaches are needed. Evidence for the potential of outdoor swimming as an intervention to support recovery from depression is emerging, but randomised controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating clinical and cost-effectiveness are lacking. This study seeks to investigate the feasibility of conducting a definitive superiority RCT, comparing an 8-session outdoor swimming course offered in addition to usual care compared to usual care only, in adults who are experiencing mild to moderate symptoms of depression. Feasibility questions will examine recruitment and retention rates, acceptability of randomisation and measures, and identify the primary outcome measure that will inform the sample size calculation for a definitive full-scale RCT. This study will also explore potential facilitators and barriers of participation through evaluation questionnaires, focus-group discussions and interviews. Methods/design To address these aims and objectives, a feasibility superiority RCT with 1:1 allocation will be undertaken. We will recruit 88 participants with mild to moderate symptoms of depression through social prescribing organisations and social media in three sites in England. Participants will be randomised to either (1) intervention (8-session outdoor swimming course) plus usual care or (2) usual care only. Both groups will be followed up for a further 8 weeks. Discussion If findings from this feasibility RCT are favourable, a fully powered RCT will be conducted to investigate the clinical- and cost-effectiveness of the intervention. Findings from the definitive trial will provide evidence about outdoor swimming for depression for policymakers and has the potential to lead to greater choice of interventions for adults experiencing symptoms of depression.</p

Univariate and multivariate random-effects meta-regression for GI infection risk between low and high SES groups.

<p>Univariate and multivariate random-effects meta-regression for GI infection risk between low and high SES groups.</p