A framework for public private people partnership in the city resilience building process

Citizens in developed countries are increasingly aware of the fact that the entire responsibility of preventing, responding to and recovering from crises cannot fully fall on public entities and private companies. In fact, the role of the citizenry is increasingly powerful, and citizens are required to prepare for, respond to and recover from crises in the most effective manner. To that end, there is an emerging need to involve not only public entities and private companies but also citizens in the process of building a city’s resilience in order to understand the different perspectives on the same reality. Fostering the participation of citizens in the city’s resilience building process will also help to increase their awareness and commitment level in resilience related issues, eventually increasing the overall resilience level of the city. The aim of this research is to develop a framework that supports and guides the development process of public-private-people partnerships (4Ps) in the context of the city resilience-building process. The presented framework was developed as a result of an iterative process including a literature review, semi-structured interviews with representatives from six European cities that are currently investing resources to improve their cities’ resilience level among other methodologies. Moreover, the final version of the 4P framework was obtained after conducting a Delphi study. Finally, the 4P framework was validated conducting two case studies one in the city of Wellington, New Zealand and the other in San Sebastian, Spain. The framework is formed by three different components. A set of sixteen characteristics of effective 4Ps that have been classified into three dimensions, namely, stakeholder relationship, information flow and conflict resolution. Moreover, the framework describes three 4P evolution stages that describe the evolution of multi-stakeholder collaborations in order to achieve meaningful and long lasting 4Ps that provide support to any city’s resilience building process. Finally, the framework includes an implementation order that considering the 4P evolution stages establishes a priority order in the implementation of the characteristics what enables to ensure that available resources are invested in the most effective manner.Los ciudadanos de países desarrollados son cada vez más conscientes de que toda la responsabilidad de la prevenir, responder y recuperarse de las crisis no puede recaer en manos de entidades públicas y compañías privadas. De hecho, el rol de la ciudadanía es cada vez más importante y los ciudadanos son cada vez más imprescindibles a la hora de prepararse, responder y recuperarse de las crisis de la manera más efectiva posible. Es por eso que existe la necesidad de involucrar no solo a entidades públicas y compañías privadas, sino también fomentar la participación de las personas en el proceso de creación de resiliencia en ciudades para ser capaces de entender todas las diferentes perspectivas de una misma realidad. Incentivar la participación ciudadana en el proceso de creación de resiliencia en ciudades también ayuda a incrementar el nivel de concienciación y compromiso en temas relacionados con la resiliencia, haciendo que finalmente el nivel de resiliencia de la ciudad aumente. El objetivo de esta investigación es desarrollar un marco que apoye y guíe el proceso de desarrollo de colaboraciones público privada y de personas (4Ps) en el contexto de la creación de resiliencia en ciudades. El marco que se presenta ha sido desarrollado tras llevar a cabo un proceso iterativo que incluye, entre otras metodologías, una revisión bibliográfica, entrevistas semi-estructuradas con representantes de seis ciudades europeas que actualmente están invirtiendo recursos en aumentar su nivel de resiliencia. Además, se ha llevado a cabo un proceso Delphi para obtener la versión final del marco 4P. Finalmente, se llevaron a cabo dos casos de estudio, uno en Wellington (Nueva Zelanda) y otro en San Sebastian (España) para validar el marco 4P. El marco está compuesto por tres componentes. Una lista de 16 características de 4Ps efectivas que han sido clasificadas en tres dimensiones; relación entre agentes, flujo de información y resolución de conflictos. Además, el marco describe tres estados de evolución 4P que explican el proceso de transformación que experimentan las colaboraciones entre agentes hasta conseguir 4Ps relevantes, que perduren en el tiempo y que apoyen el proceso de creación de resiliencia en ciudades. Finalmente, el marco incluye un orden de implementación que establece un orden de prioridad para implementar de características considerando las peculiaridades de los estados de evolución 4P y de esta manera asegurar que los recursos disponibles para desarrollar estas colaboraciones se utilizan de la manera más efectiva

A framework for public-private-people partnerships in the city resilience-building process

Citizens living in cities where public entities are committed to the development of city resilience are increasingly aware that the entire responsibility for preventing, responding to and recovering from crises cannot fully fall on public entities and private companies. In fact, citizens are more and more required to prepare for, respond to and recover from crises. To that end, there is an emerging need to involve not only public entities and private companies but also citizens in the process of building a city’s resilience in order to understand the different perspectives on the same reality. This research paper is based on a systematic literature review to develop a framework that defines and describes the successful characteristics of public-private-people partnerships (4Ps) in the city resilience-building process. The framework revolves around two criteria for classification: the dimension of the characteristics (stakeholder relationship, information flow and conflict resolution), and the attributes of the partnership. A preliminary list of relationships among the characteristics found in the literature is also presented. The aim throughout is to define which characteristics need to be developed in order to better ensure successful cooperation among the three main stakeholders: public entities, private companies and citizens

A framework for public-private-people partnerships in the city resilience-building process

Citizens living in cities where public entities are committed to the development of city resilience are increasingly aware that the entire responsibility for preventing, responding to and recovering from crises cannot fully fall on public entities and private companies. In fact, citizens are more and more required to prepare for, respond to and recover from crises. To that end, there is an emerging need to involve not only public entities and private companies but also citizens in the process of building a city’s resilience in order to understand the different perspectives on the same reality. This research paper is based on a systematic literature review to develop a framework that defines and describes the successful characteristics of public-private-people partnerships (4Ps) in the city resilience-building process. The framework revolves around two criteria for classification: the dimension of the characteristics (stakeholder relationship, information flow and conflict resolution), and the attributes of the partnership. A preliminary list of relationships among the characteristics found in the literature is also presented. The aim throughout is to define which characteristics need to be developed in order to better ensure successful cooperation among the three main stakeholders: public entities, private companies and citizens

Towards resilient cities: A maturity model for operationalizing resilience

A growing majority of the world's population lives in cities. This rapid urbanization increases the concentration of people and critical services in cities, which also upscale their exposure to acute shocks and long-term stresses such as floods, earthquakes, climate change or social dynamics. While all of these challenges are complex in themselves, in most cases, cities must face a combination of them. Resilience thinking demands cities plan holistically so that they are prepared for whatever shocks and stresses may arise. Although there is a set of frameworks aimed at building city resilience, frameworks specifically aimed at operationalizing the resilience-building process within cities remain undeveloped. This research begins to fill this gap by developing a Resilience Maturity Model (RMM) that provides cities with a roadmap for operationalizing the resilience-building process. For that purpose, the RMM defines a sequence of maturity stages and a set of policies that help cities to assess their current maturity stage and identify the policies that need to be implemented to improve their resilience level

Towards resilient cities: A maturity model for operationalizing resilience

A growing majority of the world's population lives in cities. This rapid urbanization increases the concentration of people and critical services in cities, which also upscale their exposure to acute shocks and long-term stresses such as floods, earthquakes, climate change or social dynamics. While all of these challenges are complex in themselves, in most cases, cities must face a combination of them. Resilience thinking demands cities plan holistically so that they are prepared for whatever shocks and stresses may arise. Although there is a set of frameworks aimed at building city resilience, frameworks specifically aimed at operationalizing the resilience-building process within cities remain undeveloped. This research begins to fill this gap by developing a Resilience Maturity Model (RMM) that provides cities with a roadmap for operationalizing the resilience-building process. For that purpose, the RMM defines a sequence of maturity stages and a set of policies that help cities to assess their current maturity stage and identify the policies that need to be implemented to improve their resilience level