Ciencias de los Alimentos y Salud Humana.

La enfermedad renal (ERC) es un problema de salud pública de gran magnitud que se acompaña de elevada morbilidad, mortalidad y costos tanto para el paciente como para el sistema de salud, lo que lleva a los pacientes a optar por la medicina herbaria, convirtiéndola en la alternativa principal para la atención primaria de la salud, por lo que es importante que a través de la investigación se garantice la inocuidad y calidad de las plantas medicinales utilizadas como tratamiento de forma empírica. El objetivo de este proyecto fue evaluar el efecto nefroprotector de dos plantas comestibles del estado de Hidalgo, pápalo quelite (Porophyllum ruderale) y pingüica (Pyracantha koidzumii) mediante un estudio biodirigido. Para ello primero se obtuvo un extracto hidroalcohólico (MeOH:H2O, 70:30 v/v) de cada planta. Posteriormente, se evalúo la capacidad antiinflamatoria y antioxidante in vitro de los extractos utilizando para ello un modelo de producción de ON estimulado por LPS en macrófagos murinos y los métodos de inhibición de los radicales ABTS y DPPH, respectivamente. Adicionalmente, se determinó el contenido de fenoles totales por el método de Folin-Cicaltecou. El extracto hidroalcohólico de P. ruderale presentó mayor actividad antioxidante (FRAP= 69.4%, DPPH= 60.74%) y antiinflamatoria (%ION= 12.23 ± 3.81) en los ensayos in vitro en comparación con el extracto de pingüica (FRAP= 31.63 %, DPPH= 22.09%, %ION= 8.81 ± 3.94). Debido a que el daño renal está asociado a un efecto anti-inflamatorio sostenido, así como a un desbalance en el sistema redox, únicamente el extracto hidroalcohólico de P. ruderale fue evaluado en el modelo de daño renal agudo inducido por Tioacetamida en ratas Wistar

Educación y empoderamiento como factores asociados al automanejo en el tratamiento nutricional de pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica.

Actualmente los métodos de atención de las enfermedades crónicas están dejando atrás la relación paternalista tradicional entre el prestador del servicio de salud y el paciente, dando paso a un nuevo modelo, en el cual las personas con alguna enfermedad crónica desempeñan una función central en su propio cuidado, con apoyo de los prestadores de atención de salud, herramienta a la que se le denomina automanejo. Por lo que el objetivo de este proyecto fue determinar la asociación existente entre la falta de educación y empoderamiento con el automanejo del paciente en el tratamiento nutricional de la enfermedad renal crónica, mediante la evaluación del conocimiento del paciente acerca de su patología y la capacidad que tiene el mismo en la toma de decisiones que ayude a mejorar la aceptación de sus tratamientos, por medio de la aplicación de instrumentos desarrollados y validados específicamente para esta población

<i>Porophyllum</i> Genus Compounds and Pharmacological Activities: A Review

The genus Porophyllum (family Asteraceae) is native to the western hemisphere, growing in tropical and subtropical North and South America. Mexico is an important center of diversification of the genus. Plants belong of genus Porophyllum have been used in Mexican traditional medicine to treat kidney and intestinal diseases, parasitic, bacterial, and fungal infections and anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive activities. In this sense, several trials have been made on its chemical and in vitro and in vivo pharmacological activities. These studies were carried on the extracts and isolated compounds and support most of their reported uses in folk medicine as antifungal, antileishmanial, anti-inflammatory, anti-nociceptive and burn repair activities, and as a potential source of new class of insecticides. Bio guided phytochemical studies showed the isolation of thiophenes, terpenes and phenolics compounds, which could be responsible for the pharmacological activities. However, more pre-clinical assays that highlight the mechanisms of action of the compounds involved in pharmacological function are lacking. This review discusses the current knowledge of their chemistry, in vitro and in vivo pharmacological activities carried out on the plants belonging to the Porophyllum genus

Porophyllum Genus Compounds and Pharmacological Activities: A Review

The genus Porophyllum (family Asteraceae) is native to the western hemisphere, growing in tropical and subtropical North and South America. Mexico is an important center of diversification of the genus. Plants belong of genus Porophyllum have been used in Mexican traditional medicine to treat kidney and intestinal diseases, parasitic, bacterial, and fungal infections and anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive activities. In this sense, several trials have been made on its chemical and in vitro and in vivo pharmacological activities. These studies were carried on the extracts and isolated compounds and support most of their reported uses in folk medicine as antifungal, antileishmanial, anti-inflammatory, anti-nociceptive and burn repair activities, and as a potential source of new class of insecticides. Bio guided phytochemical studies showed the isolation of thiophenes, terpenes and phenolics compounds, which could be responsible for the pharmacological activities. However, more pre-clinical assays that highlight the mechanisms of action of the compounds involved in pharmacological function are lacking. This review discusses the current knowledge of their chemistry, in vitro and in vivo pharmacological activities carried out on the plants belonging to the Porophyllum genus

Nephroprotective Activity of Papaloquelite (<i>Porophyllum ruderale</i>) in Thioacetamide-Induced Injury Model

Acute kidney injury and impaired kidney function is associated with reduced survival and increased morbidity. Porophyllum ruderale is an edible plant endemic to Mexico used in Mexican traditional medicine. The aim of this study was to evaluate the nephroprotective effect of a hydroalcoholic extract (MeOH:water 70:30, v/v) from the aerial parts of P. ruderale (HEPr). Firstly, in vitro the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity of HEPr was determined; after the in vivo nephroprotective activity of HEPr was evaluated using a thioacetamide-induced injury model in rats. HEPr showed a slight effect on LPS-NO production in macrophages (15% INO at 40 µg/mL) and high antioxidant activity in the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) test, followed by the activity on DPPH and ABTS radicals test (69.04, 63.06 and 32.96% of inhibition, respectively). In addition, values of kidney injury biomarkers in urine (urobilinogen, hemoglobin, bilirubin, ketones, glucose, protein, pH, nitrites, leukocytes, specific gravity, and the microalbumin/creatinine) and serum (creatinine, urea, and urea nitrogen) of rats treated with HEPr were maintained in normal ranges. Finally, 5-O-caffeoylquinic, 4-O-caffeoylquinic and ferulic acids; as well as 3-O-quercetin glucoside and 3-O-kaempferol glucoside were identified by HPLC as major components of HEPr. In conclusion, Porophyllum ruderale constitutes a source of compounds for the treatment of acute kidney injury

Elimination of Onchocerciasis from Mexico.

BACKGROUND:Mexico is one of the six countries formerly endemic for onchocerciasis in Latin America. Transmission has been interrupted in the three endemic foci of that country and mass drug distribution has ceased. Three years after mass drug distribution ended, post-treatment surveillance (PTS) surveys were undertaken which employed entomological indicators to check for transmission recrudescence. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS:In-depth entomologic assessments were performed in 18 communities in the three endemic foci of Mexico. None of the 108,212 Simulium ochraceum s.l. collected from the three foci were found to contain parasite DNA when tested by polymerase chain reaction-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (PCR-ELISA), resulting in a maximum upper bound of the 95% confidence interval (95%-ULCI) of the infective rate in the vectors of 0.035/2,000 flies examined. This is an order of magnitude below the threshold of a 95%-ULCI of less than one infective fly per 2,000 flies tested, the current entomological criterion for interruption of transmission developed by the international community. The point estimate of seasonal transmission potential (STP) was zero, and the upper bound of the 95% confidence interval for the STP ranged from 1.2 to 1.7 L3/person/season in the different foci. This value is below all previous estimates for the minimum transmission potential required to maintain the parasite population. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE:The results from the in-depth entomological post treatment surveillance surveys strongly suggest that transmission has not resumed in the three foci of Mexico during the three years since the last distribution of ivermectin occurred; it was concluded that transmission remains undetectable without intervention, and Onchocerca volvulus has been eliminated from Mexico

Mass drug administration (MDA) with ivermectin in two endemic foci: Coverage rate, expressed in percent, of the eligible population.

<p>The eligible population excluded pregnant and lactating women and children under 5 years of age. These groups represented 9.5% of the total population during the last year of MDA in the Southern Chiapas focus in 2011. Panel A: Semi-annual treatment regimen was employed in Northern Chiapas from 2000 through 2007 when MDA ceased. Panels B-C. Semi-annual regimen was employed in Southern Chiapas from 1995 through 2011 (Panel B; Figure taken from Rodriguez-Perez et al., 2013 [<a href="http://www.plosntds.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pntd.0003922#pntd.0003922.ref018" target="_blank">18</a>]); in addition, quarterly treatment was employed in 50 communities from 2003 through 2008 and in 163 communities from 2009 through 2011 when MDA ceased (Panel C). The semi-annual treatment regimen was employed in Oaxaca from 1996 through 2008 when MDA ceased (see <a href="http://www.plosntds.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pntd.0003922#pntd.0003922.g002" target="_blank">Fig 2</a> in Rodriguez-Perez et al., 2010 [<a href="http://www.plosntds.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pntd.0003922#pntd.0003922.ref020" target="_blank">20</a>]). The line at 85% indicates the coverage needed to be maintained in order to interrupt transmission.</p

The epidemiological situation in the three onchocerciasis endemic foci in Mexico.

<p>Geographical extension (2000): 1) 1,172.10 km²; 2) 13,901.3 km²; 3) 4,250,0 km².</p><p>* “New” clinical onchocerciasis cases were defined as those individuals diagnosed positive by Mazzotti reaction, nodules, or skin biopsies (‘snips’) for the first time.</p><p>^¶ The upper value represents point estimate and the lower value in parentheses represents the 95%-confidence interval. When the point estimate was 0 only the upper limit of confidence interval is presented.</p><p>^& Las Golondrinas [<a href="http://www.plosntds.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pntd.0003922#pntd.0003922.ref029" target="_blank">29</a>].</p><p>^# The present study.</p><p>^& Population no longer at risk of infection.</p><p>The epidemiological situation in the three onchocerciasis endemic foci in Mexico.</p

Entomological parameters in the three foci of onchocerciasis in Mexico.

<p>* Northern Chiapas: El Ambar, Alta Gracia, Chimix, and Nueva Esperanza; Oaxaca: Santiago Teotlaxco, Tiltepec, San Miguel Reagui, Santiago Lalopa, La Chichina, and La Esperanza Comaltepec; Southern Chiapas: Brasil, Mexiquito, Jose Maria Morelos, Estrella Roja, Ampliación Malvinas, Las Golondrinas, Las Nubes II, and Nueva América.</p><p>^§ Each pool contained a maximum of 50 flies.</p><p>^& Each pool contained a maximum of 200 flies.</p><p>^¶ The upper value represents point estimate and the lower value in parentheses represents the 95%-confidence interval.</p><p>Entomological parameters in the three foci of onchocerciasis in Mexico.</p

Location, number of cases, and population at risk when ivermectin distribution began at the study sites: Panel A: Map of the Southern Mexico states showing the three endemic foci for onchocerciasis. Panels B-D: the eighteen sentinel and extra-sentinel communities in Oaxaca (Panel B; prevalence data from 1995), Northern Chiapas (Panel C; prevalence data from 1999), and Southern Chiapas (Panel D; prevalence data from 1995).

<p>Location, number of cases, and population at risk when ivermectin distribution began at the study sites: Panel A: Map of the Southern Mexico states showing the three endemic foci for onchocerciasis. Panels B-D: the eighteen sentinel and extra-sentinel communities in Oaxaca (Panel B; prevalence data from 1995), Northern Chiapas (Panel C; prevalence data from 1999), and Southern Chiapas (Panel D; prevalence data from 1995).</p