Pro-inflammatory cytokine production in DCs after exposure to <i>L. paracasei</i>, <i>Salmonella</i> or both.

<p>Dendritic cells (DCs) were incubated with the probiotic <i>L. paracasei</i> CNCM I-4034 (Prob) or its cell-free supernatant (CFS), <i>Salmonella</i> (<i>S.typhi</i>), or both. <i>E. coli</i> lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 20 ng/ml) was used as a positive control. Negative-control cultures contained unstimulated DCs. IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-12(p40) and IL-12(p70) production was measured. The data shown are the mean values and SEM of three independent experiments. *p<0.05 compared to controls; #p<0.05 compared to <i>S.typhi.</i></p

Expression levels of TLR signalling pathway in DCs treated with <i>L. paracasei</i>, <i>Salmonella</i> or both.

<p>Comparison of the expression of <i>CASP8, TAK-1, JNK, IRF-3</i> and <i>MAPK14</i> in DCs in the presence of the probiotic (Prob), its supernatant (CFS), <i>Salmonella</i> (<i>S.typhi</i>) or a combination. LPS, 20 ng/ml, was used as a positive control. The fold change (Fc) represents the ratio of the expression in treated DCs to the expression in control cells. The data shown are the mean values and SEM of three independent experiments. *p<0.05 compared to controls; #p<0.05 compared to <i>S.typhi.</i></p

Measure of chemokines and IFNγ in DCs after exposure to <i>L. paracasei</i>, <i>Salmonella</i> or both.

<p>DCs were incubated with the probiotic <i>L. paracasei</i> CNCM I-4034 (Prob) or its cell-free supernatant (CFS), <i>Salmonella</i> (<i>S.typhi</i>), or both. The production of IFNγ and the chemokines MCP-1/CCL2, MIP-1α/CCL3, RANTES/CCL5 and MDC/CCL22 was measured. LPS, 20 ng/ml, was used as a positive control. Negative-control cultures contained unstimulated DCs. The data shown are the mean values and SEM of three independent experiments. *p<0.05 compared to controls; #p<0.05 compared to <i>S.typhi.</i></p

Expression of <i>TLRs genes</i> in DCs in the presence of <i>L. paracasei</i>, <i>Salmonella</i> or both.

<p>Comparison of the expression of <i>TLR1, TLR2, TLR3, TLR4</i> and <i>TLR5</i> in DCs in the presence of the probiotic (Prob), its supernatant (CFS), <i>Salmonella</i> (<i>S.typhi</i>) or a combination. LPS, 20 ng/ml, was used as a positive control. The data shown are the mean values and SEM of three independent experiments. The fold change (Fc) represents the ratio of the expression in treated DCs to the expression in control cells. *p<0.05 compared to controls; #p<0.05 compared to <i>S.typhi.</i> N.D indicate no detected.</p

Expression levels of TLR signalling pathway in DCs treated with <i>L. paracasei</i>, <i>Salmonella</i> or both.

<p>Comparison of the expression of <i>NFKBIA, NFKB-1, TBK-1, IL-10</i> and <i>TNF-</i>α in DCs in the presence of the probiotic (Prob), its supernatant (CFS), <i>Salmonella</i> (<i>S.typhi</i>) or a combination. LPS, 20 ng/ml, was used as a positive control. The fold change (Fc) represents the ratio of the expression in treated DCs to the expression in control cells. The data shown are the mean values and SEM of three independent experiments. *p<0.05 compared to controls; #p<0.05 compared to <i>S.typhi.</i> N.D indicate no detected.</p

Expression levels of TLR signalling pathway in DCs treated with <i>L. paracasei</i>, <i>Salmonella</i> or both.

<p>Comparison of the expression of <i>TLR9, MYD88, IRAK-1, IRAK-4</i> and <i>TOLLIP</i> in DCs in the presence of the probiotic (Prob), its supernatant (CFS), <i>Salmonella</i> (<i>S.typhi</i>) or a combination. LPS, 20 ng/ml, was used as a positive control. The fold change (Fc) represents the ratio of the expression in treated DCs to the expression in control cells. The data shown are the mean values and SEM of three independent experiments. *p<0.05 compared to controls; #p<0.05 compared to <i>S.typhi.</i></p

Measure of anti-inflammatory cytokines and TNF-α in DCs after exposure to <i>L. paracasei</i>, <i>Salmonella</i> or both.

<p>DCs were incubated with the probiotic <i>L. paracasei</i> CNCM I-4034 (Prob) or its cell-free supernatant (CFS), <i>Salmonella</i> (<i>S.typhi</i>), or both. IL-10, TNF-α, TGF-β1 and TGF-β2 production was measured. LPS, 20 ng/ml, was used as a positive control. Negative-control cultures contained unstimulated DCs. The data shown are the mean values and SEM of three independent experiments. *p<0.05 compared to controls; #p<0.05 compared to <i>S.typhi</i>; N.D indicate no detected.</p