Controllable soliton emission from a Bose-Einstein condensate

We demonstrate, through numerical simulations, the controllable emission of matter-wave bursts from a Bose-Einstein Condensate in a shallow optical dipole trap. The process is triggered by spatial variations of the scattering length along the trapping axis. In our approach, the outcoupling mechanism are atom-atom interactions and thus, the trap remains unaltered. Once emitted, the matter wave forms a robust soliton. We calculate analytically the parameters for the experimental implementation of this atomic soliton machine gun.Comment: 4 pages, 5 figure

Analysis of an atom laser based on the spatial control of the scattering length

In this paper we analyze atom lasers based on the spatial modulation of the scattering length of a Bose-Einstein Condensate. We demonstrate, through numerical simulations and approximate analytical methods, the controllable emission of matter-wave bursts and study the dependence of the process on the spatial dependence of the scattering length along the axis of emission. We also study the role of an additional modulation of the scattering length in time.Comment: Submitted to Phys. Rev.

Non-quantum liquefaction of coherent gases

We show that a gas-to-liquid phase transition at zero temperature may occur in a coherent gas of bosons in the presence of competing nonlinear effects. This situation can take place both in atomic systems like Bose-Einstein Condensates in alkalii gases with two and three-body interactions of opposite signs, as well as in laser beams which propagate through optical media with Kerr (focusing) and higher order (defocusing) nonlinear responses. The liquefaction process takes place in absence of any quantum effect and can be formulated in the frame of a mean field theory, in terms of the minimization of a thermodynamic potential. We also show numerically that the effect of linear gain and three-body recombination also provides a rich dynamics with the emergence of self-organization behaviour.Comment: 6 pages, 5 figures. Submitted to Physica D: Nonlinear Phenomen

Dynamics of vector solitons and vortices in two-dimensional photonic lattices

We study discrete vector solitons and vortices in two-dimensional photonic lattices with Kerr nonlinearity and demonstrate novel types of stable, incoherently coupled dipoles and vortex–soliton complexes that can be excited by Gaussian beams. We also discuss what we believe to be novel scenarios of the charge-flipping instability of incoherently coupled discrete vortices.H. Michinel and M. I. Rodas-Verde acknowledge the warm hospitality of the Nonlinear Physics Centre and support from the Spanish MEC project (FIS2004-02466) and the Xunta de Galicia DXID project (PGIDIT04TIC383001PR)

Sparsentan in patients with IgA nephropathy: a prespecified interim analysis from a randomised, double-blind, active-controlled clinical trial

Background: Sparsentan is a novel, non-immunosuppressive, single-molecule, dual endothelin and angiotensin receptor antagonist being examined in an ongoing phase 3 trial in adults with IgA nephropathy. We report the prespecified interim analysis of the primary proteinuria efficacy endpoint, and safety. Methods: PROTECT is an international, randomised, double-blind, active-controlled study, being conducted in 134 clinical practice sites in 18 countries. The study examines sparsentan versus irbesartan in adults (aged ≥18 years) with biopsy-proven IgA nephropathy and proteinuria of 1·0 g/day or higher despite maximised renin-angiotensin system inhibitor treatment for at least 12 weeks. Participants were randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to receive sparsentan 400 mg once daily or irbesartan 300 mg once daily, stratified by estimated glomerular filtration rate at screening (30 to 1·75 g/day). The primary efficacy endpoint was change from baseline to week 36 in urine protein-creatinine ratio based on a 24-h urine sample, assessed using mixed model repeated measures. Treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) were safety endpoints. All endpoints were examined in all participants who received at least one dose of randomised treatment. The study is ongoing and is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03762850. Findings: Between Dec 20, 2018, and May 26, 2021, 404 participants were randomly assigned to sparsentan (n=202) or irbesartan (n=202) and received treatment. At week 36, the geometric least squares mean percent change from baseline in urine protein-creatinine ratio was statistically significantly greater in the sparsentan group (-49·8%) than the irbesartan group (-15·1%), resulting in a between-group relative reduction of 41% (least squares mean ratio=0·59; 95% CI 0·51-0·69; p<0·0001). TEAEs with sparsentan were similar to irbesartan. There were no cases of severe oedema, heart failure, hepatotoxicity, or oedema-related discontinuations. Bodyweight changes from baseline were not different between the sparsentan and irbesartan groups. Interpretation: Once-daily treatment with sparsentan produced meaningful reduction in proteinuria compared with irbesartan in adults with IgA nephropathy. Safety of sparsentan was similar to irbesartan. Future analyses after completion of the 2-year double-blind period will show whether these beneficial effects translate into a long-term nephroprotective potential of sparsentan. Funding: Travere Therapeutics