On the mechanism of <i>Candida tropicalis</i> biofilm reduction by the combined action of naturally-occurring anthraquinones and blue light - Fig 9

<p><b>(A) Photo-induced <i>C</i>. <i>tropicalis</i> biofilm reduction by the AQs 1 and 2 in the presence of the specific ROS quenchers sodium azide and Tiron. (B) Superoxide radical production in <i>C</i>. <i>tropicalis</i> by AQ alone and in the presence of quenchers. (C) SOD activation in <i>C</i>. <i>tropicalis biofilms</i> by AQ alone and in the presence of quenchers</b>.^*<i>p< 0</i>.<i>05</i> respect to biofilm ^# <i>p< 0</i>.<i>05</i> AQ <i>vs</i> AQ + Quencher.</p

¹O₂ kinetics of 1 and 2 in <i>C</i>. <i>tropicalis</i> biofilm observed at 1275 nm and at 1325 nm (negative control) in PBS (A) and in biofilms incubated with D-PBS (B).

<p>¹O₂ kinetics of 1 and 2 in <i>C</i>. <i>tropicalis</i> biofilm observed at 1275 nm and at 1325 nm (negative control) in PBS (A) and in biofilms incubated with D-PBS (B).</p

AQs accumulation in <i>C</i>. <i>tropicalis</i> biofilms by HPLC method.

<p>AQs accumulation in <i>C</i>. <i>tropicalis</i> biofilms by HPLC method.</p

Absorption spectra of rubiadin (A) and rubiadin 1-methyl ether (B) (56 μM) in CHCl₃, PBS, planktonic yeast and biofilms of <i>C</i>. <i>tropicalis</i>.

<p>Absorption spectra of rubiadin (A) and rubiadin 1-methyl ether (B) (56 μM) in CHCl₃, PBS, planktonic yeast and biofilms of <i>C</i>. <i>tropicalis</i>.</p

CSLM images showing the effect of rubiadin 1-methyl ether and blue light on <i>C</i>. <i>tropicalis</i> NCPF 3111 biofilms.

<p><b>(A) Positive control, (B) rubiadin 1-methyl ether (56 μM)</b>. Blue channel shows Calcofluor white dying sessile cells walls. Magnification 60X and scale bar is 10 μm.</p

Transient absorption of 2 in argon- and air saturated- Cl₃CH solutions.

<p>Signals recorded at 550 nm correspond to AQ^•−, whereas signal at 675 nm correspond to ³AQ.</p

Transient absorption of air saturated- planktonic yeast suspension with 1 (A), 2 (B) and alone (C).

<p>Signals recorded at 550 nm correspond to AQ^•−, whereas signal at 675 nm correspond to ³AQ.</p

Mass of the biofilms (in BBU units) exposed to 56 μM rubiadin (1) or rubiadin 1-methyl ether (2) in the dark and under irradiation.

<p>Mass of the biofilms (in BBU units) exposed to 56 μM rubiadin (1) or rubiadin 1-methyl ether (2) in the dark and under irradiation.</p