Herbicide regimes (active ingredient, dose and application time) used in a genetically modified herbicide tolerant cotton.

<p>Herbicide regimes (active ingredient, dose and application time) used in a genetically modified herbicide tolerant cotton.</p

Scheme of the herbicide treatments and weed assessments conducted in genetically modified herbicide tolerant cotton.

<p>All plots were weed-free at cotton sowing. PRE-C and POST-C emergence herbicides were applied only in conventionally (C) treated plots. POST-G1 and POST-G2 (glyphosate treatments) were applied only in glyphosate treated plots (G). Weed assessment was conducted in both C and G plots at three times: ST1) a few days before the application of POST-G1; ST2) 2–3 weeks after POST-G1; and ST3) 2–3 weeks after POST-C/POST-G2.</p

Total density of weeds growing under conventional or glyphosate herbicide regime.

<p>Total density of weeds growing under conventional or glyphosate herbicide regime.</p

Species richness (S) and diversity index (H’) of weeds in glyphosate tolerant cotton under conventional or glyphosate herbicide regimes.

<p>Species richness (S) and diversity index (H’) of weeds in glyphosate tolerant cotton under conventional or glyphosate herbicide regimes.</p

Species richness (S) and diversity index H’) of spiders, ground beetles and rove beetles in glyphosate tolerant cotton under conventional or glyphosate herbicide regimes.

<p>Species richness (S) and diversity index H’) of spiders, ground beetles and rove beetles in glyphosate tolerant cotton under conventional or glyphosate herbicide regimes.</p

Activity-density patterns of the four main predatory groups: Spiders, ground beetles, rove beetles and earwigs.

<p>Mean number of individuals per trap (± SE) of the four most abundant ground-dwelling predator groups in glyphosate tolerant cotton under glyphosate (○) or conventional herbicides (●) regime. Sampling dates on the <i>x</i>-axis are cotton nascence (Nasc.), cotton in 2nd (2 lf), 6th (6 lf), and 12th (12 lf) leaf stage, cotton flowering (Flow.) and after cotton extraction (NC -No Crop-). The vertical lines indicate the glyphosate (—) and the conventional (- -) treatments.</p

Species composition of spiders, ground beetles and rove beetles in glyphosate tolerant cotton under conventional (C) or glyphosate (G) herbicide regime.

<p>Other species: Ground Beetles (Carabidae): <i>Siagona europea</i>, <i>Calosoma maderae</i>, <i>Sphaerotachys lucasii</i>, <i>Scybalicus oblongiusculus</i>, <i>Paratachys bistriatus</i>, <i>Zuphium olens</i>, <i>Microlestes sp</i>., <i>Bembidion vicinum</i>, <i>Ophonus ardosiacus</i>; Rove beetles (Staphylinidae): <i>Xantholinus vandalicus</i>, <i>Scopaeus mitratus</i>, <i>Achenium depressum</i>, <i>Anotylus nitidulus</i>, <i>Atheta laticollis</i>; Spiders (Araneae): Pardosa sp. (Lycosidae), Aelurillus sp. (Salticidae), Agroeca sp. (Liocranidae) and other 15 spider morphospecies that were not identified because of their low abundance (less than 10 captures in total).</p

Density and frequency of the main weed species (found at least in 5% of the quadrats in one of the conducted surveys) under conventional or glyphosate herbicide regime.

<p>Density and frequency of the main weed species (found at least in 5% of the quadrats in one of the conducted surveys) under conventional or glyphosate herbicide regime.</p

Activity-density of ground-dwelling predatory groups in glyphosate tolerant cotton under conventional or glyphosate herbicide regimes.

<p>Activity-density of ground-dwelling predatory groups in glyphosate tolerant cotton under conventional or glyphosate herbicide regimes.</p

Total number of the ground-dwelling arthropod groups captured in pitfall traps in glyphosate tolerant cotton plots.

<p>Total number of the ground-dwelling arthropod groups captured in pitfall traps in glyphosate tolerant cotton plots.</p