Compatibility of polymerases with qPCR.

<p>Inhibitory substances extracted from the SPC sample prevented amplification of spiked DNA in all reactions not including BSA, except for Omni Klentaq in 0.1% inhibitors (not shown). Unsuccessful amplifications, including PfuTurbo C_x Hotstart in 5% inhibitors, are not included in figure.</p

Extraction techniques compared in this study.

<p>Extraction techniques compared in this study.</p

Error rates of most frequent substitution types.

<p>High-low chart depicts the maximum and minimum error rates within the three tested samples. Median values, represented by circles, are not included for PfuTurbo C_x because only two samples were amplified.</p

Archaeobotanical remains analyzed.

<p>Archaeobotanical remains analyzed.</p

Amplification of spiked DNA in the presence of inhibiting substances.

<p>Amplification of spiked DNA in the presence of inhibiting substances.</p

Polymerases tested.

<p>Polymerases tested.</p

DNA yield from extractions, phase 2.

<p>Maximum amount of DNA recovered in each specimen listed by corresponding symbol.</p

Overall substitution error rates on endogenous aDNA.

<p>Shorter bars represent fewer nucleotide misincorporations (higher polymerase fidelity). Sequencing reads that differed from the expected <i>rbcL</i> sequence by >3 nucleotide substitutions were omitted prior to tallying nucleotide calls and errors. As stated, the PfuTurbo C_x polymerase did not amplify the LUG sample.</p

Amplification success for extractions, phase 1.

<p>Amplification success for extractions, phase 1.</p

Results of the ADMIXTURE analysis (<i>k</i> = 4) with North African populations.

<p>ADMIXTURE was performed on a set of European, North African, Near Eastern and Sub-Saharan populations in order to account for the different admixture proportions in North Africa. Tunisians and Saharawi are the North African populations with highest proportion of autochthonous component, whereas the rest of the populations have greater amounts of admixture with neighboring populations.</p