Characteristics of twenty-four studies included in the meta-analysis.

<p>CCBs: Calcium Channel Blockers; RAS: Renin-angiotensin system.</p><p>*Some patients were lost to follow-up or withdrew, and the rate of lost to follow-up was not significantly different between the two groups.</p><p>GRADE Working Group grades of evidence. High quality: Further research is very unlikely to change our confidence in the estimate of effect. Moderate quality: Further research is likely to have an important impact on our confidence in the estimate of effect and may change the estimate. Low quality: Further research is very likely to have an important impact on our confidence in the estimate of effect and is likely to change the estimate. Very low quality: We are very uncertain about the estimate.</p><p>The risk of bias assessment is done using RevMan. Low risk of bias: Plausible bias unlikely to seriously alter the results, low risk of bias for all key domains (within a study), and most information is from studies at low risk of bias (across studies). Unclear risk of bias: That raises some doubt about the results, unclear risk of bias for one or more key domains (within a study), and most information is from studies at low or unclear risk of bias (across studies). High risk of bias: Plausible bias that seriously weakens confidence in the results, high risk of bias for one or more key domains (within a study), the proportion of information from studies at high risk of bias is sufficient to affect the interpretation of results (across studies).</p><p>Characteristics of twenty-four studies included in the meta-analysis.</p

Mean differences and 95% <i>CIs</i> of included studies and pooled data for T-type CCBs versus L-type CCBs.

<p>(A) Systolic blood pressure (SBP). (B) Diastolic blood pressure (DBP). (C) Glomerular filtration rate (GFR). (D) Serum creatinine (SCr). (E) Aldosterone. (F) Proteinuria in hypertensive patients with CKD. (G) The urinary protein to creatinine ratio in hypertensive patients with CKD. (H) The urinary albumin to creatinine ratio in hypertensive patients with diabetic nephropathy.</p

Funnel plots of odds ratios for all studies in the meta-analyses.

<p>(<b>a</b>) Calcium channel blockers vs Placebo, (<b>b</b>) Calcium channel blockers vs ACEIs, and (<b>c</b>) Calcium channel blockers vs Diuretics or/and β blockers. No evidence of publication bias was found in any of them.</p

A schematic diagram for the search strategy of published reports.

<p>A schematic diagram for the search strategy of published reports.</p