Comparative Analysis of Molecular Structure, Function and Expression of Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) Toll-Like Receptor 9

Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) has been characterized as a receptor that recognizes unmethylated CpG motif and triggers a pro-inflammatory cytokine response that influences both innate and adaptive immunity. Buffalo is an economically important livestock species in many Asian and Mediterranean countries, but there is little information available on its TLR9 structure and response to stimulation with its agonist CpG-ODNs. Hence in this study, we report the analysis of newly sequenced buffalo TLR9 gene fragment. In this study, buffalo TLR9 amino acid sequence revealed close association of TLR9 proteins within other bovines and small ruminants; but high divergence from other species. Multiple alignment of deduced amino acid sequence of Bubalus bubalis TLR9 with other species showed that 156/201 (74.28%) amino acids were conserved in all species. Leucine rich repeat (LRR) motifs in the ectodomain of TLR9 are responsible for molecular recognition of its agonist. The LRR pattern of Bubalus bubalis TLR9 protein was predicted towards N-terminal sequence and was found to be conserved among all species except Rattus norvegicus and Equus caballus. Blast analysis of buffalo TLR9 sequence with single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) database revealed 13 SNPs out of which 7 were cds-synonymous and 6 were of the functional significance. Furthermore, kinetics of TLR9 and proinflammatory IL-beta and TNF-alpha cytokine expression by buffalo PBMCs influenced by CpG-ODN is also discussed

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Not AvailableNanotechnology has opened up new vistas for applications in almost all the disciplines of veterinary and animal sciences. Zinc oxide (ZnO) has been used as an alternative to antibiotics in animal feed. It has also been widely used for wound healing and various skin disorders. Recently ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) have attracted attention owing to their unique features. There can be numerous applications of ZnO NPs due to their antibacterial, antineoplastic, wound healing, ultraviolet scattering and angiogenic properties. These have also been used to promote tissue repair, as a food preservative and as feed additive. This paper reviews the recent developments in ZnO NPs research and its potential for application in animal health and production.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableNanotechnology has opened up new vistas for applications in almost all the disciplines of veterinary and animal sciences. Zinc oxide (ZnO) has been used as an alternative to antibiotics in animal feed. It has also been widely used for wound healing and various skin disorders. Recently ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) have attracted attention owing to their unique features. There can be numerous applications of ZnO NPs due to their antibacterial, antineoplastic, wound healing, ultraviolet scattering and angiogenic properties. These have also been used to promote tissue repair, as a food preservative and as feed additive. This paper reviews the recent developments in ZnO NPs research and its potential for application in animal health and production.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableToll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) has been characterized as a receptor that recognizes unmethylated CpG (2'-deoxyribocytidine-phosphate-guanosine) motifs present in viral and bacterial DNA. Evidence from both in vitro and in vivo studies confirm that CpG-ODN can activate the immune system in variety of domestic species including cattle, sheep, pigs, horses, dogs, cats and chicken (Brown et al. 1998, Kamstrup et al. 2001, Zhang et al. 2001, Mena et al. 2003, Nichani et al. 2007). The flanking sequences in synthetic CpG oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) and the cellular pattern of TLR9 expression can influence species-specific responses to CpG-ODN (Griebel et al. 2004). The cellular pattern of TLR9 expression and recruitment of specific cell populations may be important factors contributing to interspecies differences in innate and adaptive immune responses following CpG-ODN stimulation (Griebel et al. 2005). Proper targeting of CpG ODN for the induction of innate immune defenses requires an understanding of immune compartments which express high abundance of TLR9. Buffalo is economically important animal in Asia, some European and South American countries. It is mainstay of dairy husbandry and contributes significantly to the milk and meat production in India. It is pertinent to devise effective strategies for prevention and control of buffalo diseases. There is a little information on the differential expression of TLR9 in buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis). Therefore, the present study was carried out to perform quantitative analysis of TLR9, in different immune compartments of buffalo calves.Not Availabl

Chloroquine chaos and COVID-19: Smart delivery perspectives through pH sensitive polymers/micelles and ZnO nanoparticles

The global pandemic of COVID-19 had a consequential impact on our lives. (Hydroxy)chloroquine, a well-known drug for treatment or prevention against malaria and chronic inflammatory conditions, was also used for COVID patients with reported potential efficacy. Although it was well tolerated, however in some cases, it produced severe side effects, including grave cardiac issues. The variable reports on the administration of (hydroxy)chloroquine in COVID19 patients led to chaos. This drug is a well-known zinc ionophore, besides possessing antiviral effects. Zinc ionophores augment the intracellular Zn2+ concentration by facilitating the zinc ions into the cells and subsequently impair virus replication. Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) have been reported to possess antiviral activity. However, the adverse effects of both components are also reported. We discussed in depth their possible mechanism as antiviral and smart delivery perspectives through pH-sensitive polymers/ micelles and ZnO NPs

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Not AvailableOne hundred and forty two fecal samples were screened to establish the diversity of parasites in neonatal buffalo calves. Samples were examined by specific techniques including morphometry of oocysts and eggs to ascertain the identity of parasites involved. An overall prevalence of 3.52% was found for Cryptosporidium spp. with the highest infection during peak winters. Incidence of Eimeria spp. infection was the highest during monsoon season with an overall prevalence of 16.10%. Two cases (1.40 %) of Strongyloides papillosus were also recorded during the monsoon season.Not Availabl