Maternal factors associated with congenital <i>Trypanosoma cruzi</i> transmission risk.

<p>The limit of detection for the quantitative PCR assay was 1 parasite/mL. Parasite load values below this cutoff were assumed to be 0 for the purpose of analysis.</p><p>^aqPCR data were missing for 2 women who transmitted and 6 women who did not transmit to their infants. Four mother-infant pairs with ambiguous transmission status are excluded (see text).</p><p>Maternal factors associated with congenital <i>Trypanosoma cruzi</i> transmission risk.</p

Factors associated with estimated parasite load in blood of <i>T</i>. <i>cruzi</i>-infected mothers at the time of delivery.

<p>The limit of detection for the quantitative PCR assay was 1 parasite/mL. Parasite load values below this cutoff were assumed to be 0 for the purpose of analysis.</p><p>^aqPCR data were missing for 2 women who transmitted and 6 women who did not transmit to their infants. Four mother-infant pairs with ambiguous transmission status are excluded (see text).</p><p>^bComparison of parasite load distributions by maternal characteristic by Wilcoxon signed rank test.</p><p>^cComparison of years of exposure by parasite load category by Kruskal-Wallis test.</p><p>Factors associated with estimated parasite load in blood of <i>T</i>. <i>cruzi</i>-infected mothers at the time of delivery.</p

Development of <i>Taenia solium</i> postoncospheral forms at two week of incubation using different cells lines.

<p>Development of <i>Taenia solium</i> postoncospheral forms at two week of incubation using different cells lines.</p

Scanning electron micrographs of the protuberance forming in <i>T</i>. <i>solium</i> postoncospheral forms at three growth points.

<p>(a) Microtriches and (b) vesicles (arrows) observed in the surface of the protuberance at one end of the body at 15 (I), 30 (II) and 60 (III) days PO forms.</p

Rat brain infected with <i>T</i>. <i>solium</i> postoncospheral forms.

<p>(a) Rat brain 4 months post infection showing two extraparenchymal cysticerci (arrows). (b) Coronal sections of the brain containing an intraparenchymal cysticercus stained with Masson’s Trichrome staining showing tegument and scolex.</p

<i>Taenia solium</i> postoncospheral forms size at two week of incubation using transwell system.

<p><i>Taenia solium</i> postoncospheral forms size at two week of incubation using transwell system.</p

Morphology of <i>T</i>. <i>solium</i> 30 day postoncospheral form.

<p>(a) Haematoxylin stain of 30 day postoncospheral form showing a large central cavity and the tegument. (b) Transmission electron microscopy of the tegument of 30 day postoncospheral form showing microtriches and cells.</p

Light micrographs of development of <i>Taenia solium</i> postoncospheral form in HCT-8 cell monolayer.

<p>(a) Left: <i>T</i>. <i>solium</i> activated oncosphere at 1 day of culture viewed at 10x objective; Right: oncosphere with typical hooks. (b) Left: <i>T</i>. <i>solium</i> postoncospheral forms at 15 day of culture viewed at 10x objective; Right: nucleus and cells were present in small postoncospheral forms. (c) Left: <i>T</i>. <i>solium</i> postoncospheral forms at 30 days of culture viewed at 10x objective; Right: protuberance was observed in one end of the body. (d) <i>T</i>. <i>solium</i> postoncospheral forms at 60 days of culture viewed at 10x objective; structure like a belly button observed in the middle of the body.</p

Fluorescence microscopy of <i>T</i>. <i>solium</i> postoncospheral forms stained with DAPI stain.

<p>Number of nuclei in <i>T</i>. <i>solium</i> activated oncosphere (a) compared with the number of nuclei in <i>T</i>. <i>solium</i> postoncospheral forms at 15 (b), 30 (c) and 60 (d) days of culture.</p

Scanning electron micrographs of <i>T</i>. <i>solium</i> postoncospheral forms.

<p>(a) <i>T</i>. <i>solium</i> activated oncosphere showing elongated microvilli. (b) 15 day postoncospheral forms showing the protuberance at one end of the body. (c) Close-up of the tegument of 30 day postoncospheral form showing microtriches. (d) 30 day postoncospheral form showing vesicles.</p