Impact of milk protein type on the viability and storage stability of microencapsulated Lactobacillus acidophilus using spray drying

Three different milk proteins — skim milk powder (SMP), sodium caseinate (SC) and whey protein concentrate (WPC) — were tested for their ability to stabilize microencapsulated L. acidophilus produced using spray drying. Maltodextrin (MD) was used as the primary wall material in all samples, milk protein as the secondary wall material (7:3 MD/milk protein ratio) and the simple sugars, d-glucose and trehalose were used as tertiary wall materials (8:2:2 MD/protein/sugar ratio) combinations of all wall materials were tested for their ability to enhance the microbial and techno-functional stability of microencapsulated powders. Of the optional secondary wall materials, WPC improved L. acidophilus viability, up to 70 % during drying; SMP enhanced stability by up to 59 % and SC up to 6 %. Lactose and whey protein content enhanced thermoprotection; this is possibly due to their ability to depress the glass transition and melting temperatures and to release antioxidants. The resultant L. acidophilus powders were stored for 90 days at 4 °C, 25 °C and 35 °C and the loss of viability calculated. The highest survival rates were obtained at 4 °C, inactivation rates for storage were dependent on the carrier wall material and the SMP/d-glucose powders had the lowest inactivation rates (0.013 day−1) whilst the highest was observed for the control containing only MD (0.041 day−1) and the SC-based system (0.030 day−1). Further increase in storage temperature (25 °C and 35 °C) was accompanied by increase of the inactivation rates of L. acidophilus that followed Arrhenius kinetics. In general, SMP-based formulations exhibited the highest temperature dependency whilst WPC the lowest. d-Glucose addition improved the storage stability of the probiotic powders although it was accompanied by an increase of the residual moisture, water activity and hygroscopicity, and a reduction of the glass transition temperature in the tested systems

Notes for genera: basal clades of Fungi (including Aphelidiomycota, Basidiobolomycota, Blastocladiomycota, Calcarisporiellomycota, Caulochytriomycota, Chytridiomycota, Entomophthoromycota, Glomeromycota, Kickxellomycota, Monoblepharomycota, Mortierellomycota, Mucoromycota, Neocallimastigomycota, Olpidiomycota, Rozellomycota and Zoopagomycota)

Compared to the higher fungi (Dikarya), taxonomic and evolutionary studies on the basal clades of fungi are fewer in number. Thus, the generic boundaries and higher ranks in the basal clades of fungi are poorly known. Recent DNA based taxonomic studies have provided reliable and accurate information. It is therefore necessary to compile all available information since basal clades genera lack updated checklists or outlines. Recently, Tedersoo et al. (MycoKeys 13:1--20, 2016) accepted Aphelidiomycota and Rozellomycota in Fungal clade. Thus, we regard both these phyla as members in Kingdom Fungi. We accept 16 phyla in basal clades viz. Aphelidiomycota, Basidiobolomycota, Blastocladiomycota, Calcarisporiellomycota, Caulochytriomycota, Chytridiomycota, Entomophthoromycota, Glomeromycota, Kickxellomycota, Monoblepharomycota, Mortierellomycota, Mucoromycota, Neocallimastigomycota, Olpidiomycota, Rozellomycota and Zoopagomycota. Thus, 611 genera in 153 families, 43 orders and 18 classes are provided with details of classification, synonyms, life modes, distribution, recent literature and genomic data. Moreover, Catenariaceae Couch is proposed to be conserved, Cladochytriales Mozl.-Standr. is emended and the family Nephridiophagaceae is introduced

Optimization of the production of beta-carotene from molasses by Blakeslea trispora: a statistical approach

WOS: 000177228900011The effect of pretreatment of molasses, nitrogen sources, natural oils, fatty acids, antioxidant, precursors, and mixtures of the above substances on beta-carotene production by Blakeslea trispora in shake flask culture was investigated. Also, a central composite design was employed to determine the maximum beta-carotene concentration at optimum values for the process variables (linoleic acid, kerosene, antioxidant). The highest concentration of the carotenoid pigment was obtained in molasses solution treated with invertase. Corn steep liquor and yeast extract at concentrations of 5.0% and 0.5% (w/v), respectively, increased slightly the concentration of beta-carotene, while the natural oils, fatty acids, and precursors (except kerosene) did not improve the production of pigment when they were added separately to the medium. On the other hand, the mixture of linoleic acid, kerosene and antioxidant increased significantly the concentration of beta-carotene. The fit of the model was found to be good. Linoleic acid, kerosene and antioxidant had a strong linear effect on beta-carotene concentration. The concentration of beta-carotene was significantly affected by linoleic acid-antioxidant and kerosene-antioxidant interactions as well as by the negative quadratic effects of these variables. The interaction between linoleic acid-kerosene had no significant linear effect. Maximum P-carotene concentration (790.0 mg dm(-3)) was obtained in culture grown in molasses solution supplemented with linoleic acid (30.74 g dm(-3)), kerosene (27.79 g dm(-3)) and antioxidant (10.22 g dm(-3)). (C) 2002 Society of Chemical Industry

Optimization of the production of ß-carotene from molasses by Blakeslea trispora: A statistical approach

The effect of pretreatment of molasses, nitrogen sources, natural oils, fatty acids, anti-oxidant, precursors, and mixtures of the above substances on ß-carotene production by Blakeslea trispora in shake flask culture was investigated. Also, a central composite design was employed to determine the maximum ß-carotene concentration at optimum values for the process variables (linoleic acid, kerosene, antioxidant). The highest concentration of the carotenoid pigment was obtained in molasses solution treated with invertase. Corn steep liquor and yeast extract at concentrations of 5.0% and 0.5% (w/v), respectively, increased slightly the concentration of ß-carotene, while the natural oils, fatty acids, and precursors (except kerosene) did not improve the production of pigment when they were added separately to the medium. On the other hand, the mixture of linoleic acid, kerosene and antioxidant increased significantly the concentration of ß-carotene. The fit of the model was found to be good. Linoleic acid, kerosene and antioxidant had a strong linear effect on ß-carotene concentration. The concentration of ß-carotene was significantly affected by linoleic acid-antioxidant and kerosene-antioxidant interactions as well as by the negative quadratic effects of these variables. The interaction between linoleic acid-kerosene had no significant linear effect. Maximum ß-carotene concentration (790.0 mg dm-3) was obtained in culture grown in molasses solution supplemented with linoleic acid (30.74g dm-3), kerosene (27.79g dm-3) and antioxidant (10.22g dm-3). © 2002 Society of Chemical Industry