Effect of Mass Transfer on Aeroheating in Hypersonic Chemically Reacting Boundary Layers

Heat flux characterization of high-enthalpy boundary layer flows is key to optimize the performance and design of Thermal Protection System of next generation aerospace vehicles [1]. At atmospheric entry hypersonic speeds, ablation as well as surface catalycity impact boundary layer aeroheating. Out-gassing occurring from an ablative surface in planetary entry environment introduces a rich set of problems in thermodynamic, fluid dynamic, and material pyrolysis. Ablation leads to out-gassing and surface roughness, both of which are known to affect surface heating in hypersonic chemically reacting boundary layers via three main routes: gas blowing into the boundary layer from the wall, changing the surface heat transfer due to wall-flow chemical reactions, and modifying surface roughness via ablative processes

Effect of Out-Gassing on the Onset of Hypersonic Boundary Layer Transition

Prediction and control of the onset of transition and the associated variation in aerothermodynamic parameters in high-speed flows is key to optimize the performance and design of Thermal Protection Systems (TPS) of next-generation aerospace vehicles [1]. Boundary Layer Transition (BLT) characteristics can influence the surface heating budget determining the TPS thickness and consequently its weight penalty. Ablative heatshields are designed to alleviate the high heat flux at the surface through pyrolysis of their polymeric matrix and subsequent fiber ablation [2]. Pyrolysis leads to out-gassing and non-uniform ablation lead to surface roughness, both of which are known to influence the transition process. An ablator impacts BLT through three main routes: gas injecting into the boundary layer from the wall, changing the surface heat transfer due to wall-flow chemical reactions, and modifying surface roughness [3]. In preparation to Mars 2020 mission post-flight analysis, the predictive transition capability has been initiated toward hard-coupling porous material response analysis and aerothermal environment calculation

Loop-mediated isothermal amplification as an emerging technology for detection of Yersinia ruckeri the causative agent of enteric red mouth disease in fish

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Enteric Redmouth (ERM) disease also known as Yersiniosis is a contagious disease affecting salmonids, mainly rainbow trout. The causative agent is the gram-negative bacterium <it>Yersinia ruckeri</it>. The disease can be diagnosed by isolation and identification of the causative agent, or detection of the <it>Pathogen </it>using fluorescent antibody tests, ELISA and PCR assays. These diagnostic methods are laborious, time consuming and need well trained personnel.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>A loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay was developed and evaluated for detection of <it>Y. ruckeri </it>the etiological agent of enteric red mouth (ERM) disease in salmonids. The assay was optimised to amplify the <it>yruI/yruR </it>gene, which encodes <it>Y. ruckeri </it>quorum sensing system, in the presence of a specific primer set and <it>Bst </it>DNA polymerase at an isothermal temperature of 63°C for one hour. Amplification products were detected by visual inspection, agarose gel electrophoresis and by real-time monitoring of turbidity resulted by formation of LAMP amplicons. Digestion with <it>Hph</it>I restriction enzyme demonstrated that the amplified product was unique. The specificity of the assay was verified by the absence of amplification products when tested against related bacteria. The assay had 10-fold higher sensitivity compared with conventional PCR and successfully detected <it>Y. ruckeri </it>not only in pure bacterial culture but also in tissue homogenates of infected fish.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>The ERM-LAMP assay represents a practical alternative to the microbiological approach for rapid, sensitive and specific detection of <it>Y. ruckeri </it>in fish farms. The assay is carried out in one hour and needs only a heating block or water bath as laboratory furniture. The advantages of the ERM-LAMP assay make it a promising tool for molecular detection of enteric red mouth disease in fish farms.</p

SAXAGLIPTIN LEVELS AND ITS PHARMACOKINETIC APPLICATION IN PRESENCE OF SUCRALOSE IN ANIMALS SERUM BY HPLC METHOD

Objective: It is to develop a simple, valid and rapid chromatographic method for quantification of saxagliptin in rats serum in order to study saxagliptin pharmacokinetics parameters in sucralose fed rats simultaneously to detect any interaction possibility between saxagliptin and sucralose in rats. Methods: In our developed method of analysis, mobile phase was consisted of phosphate buffer (pH =4) and methanol (70:30) v/v at flow rate of 1 ml/min with UV detection at 230 nm., C8 column of separation was used with the temperature of 40 °C using injection volume of 50 µl, samples run time was 10 min, and sildenafil citrate was used as internal standard. Saxagliptin was given to rats orally of (2g/kg) dose while sucralose was given with (11 mg/kg/day) dose.Results: A successful HPLC method was validated and developed to determine saxagliptin in rats serum, overall intra-day precision and accuracy were reasonable with coefficient of variation percentage CV % values range (o.14-4.03) and accuracy % range (99.5-104), while inter-day precision and accuracy showed accepted precision with CV% range (0.15-2.81) and accuracy % range (99.9-116). The coefficient of correlation was 0.99949 with reasonable sensitivity and selectivity. Combination effect of saxagliptin with sucralose on saxagliptin serum profile was demonstrated as strong statistical effect according to Cohen's d and significant P values too.Conclusion: A successful HPLC method was validated and developed to quantify saxagliptin in rats serum, combination effect of saxagliptin with sucralose over all time intervals of saxagliptin serum profile was demonstrated as strong statistical effect. Â

SAXAGLIPTIN LEVELS AND ITS PHARMACOKINETIC APPLICATION IN PRESENCE OF SUCRALOSE IN ANIMALS SERUM BY HPLC METHOD: A RESEARCH ARTICLE

Objective: It is to develop a simple, valid and rapid chromatographic method for quantification of saxagliptin in rats serum in order to study saxagliptin pharmacokinetic parameters in sucralose fed rats simultaneously to detect any interaction possibility between saxagliptin and sucralose in rats. Methods: In our developed method of analysis, mobile phase consisted of phosphate buffer (pH =4) and methanol (70:30) v/v at flow rate of 1 ml/min with UV detection at 230 nm., C8 column of separation was used with temperature of 40 C ° using injection volume of 50 µl, samples run time was 10 min, and sildenafil citrate was used as internal standard. saxagliptin was given to rats orally of (2g/kg) dose while sucralose was given with (11 mg/kg/day) dose.Results: A successful HPLC method was validated and developed to determine saxagliptin in rats serum, overall intra-day precision and accuracy were reasonable with coefficient of variation percentage CV % values range (o.14-4.03) and accuracy % range (99.5-104), while inter-day precision and accuracy showed accepted precision with CV% range (0.15-2.81) and accuracy % range (99.9-116). The coefficient of correlation was 0.99949 with reasonable sensitivity and selectivity. Combination effect of saxagliptin with sucralose on saxagliptin serum profile was demonstrated as strong statistical effect according to Cohen's d and significant P values too.Conclusion: A successful HPLC method was validated and developed to quantify saxagliptin in rats serum, combination effect of saxagliptin with sucralose over all time intervals of saxagliptin serum profile was demonstrated as strong statistical effect

Genetic Improvement of Some Productive Traits in Zaraibi Goats

The objective of this study was to evaluate the genetic improvement in Zaraibi goats herd raised on El-serw research station located in the north eastern part of Nile Delta, Egypt. The station belongs to Animal Production Research Institute (APRI). Some body weights at different ages were included in genetic and environmental trends. These weights were 4-month weight (4M), 6-month weight (6M), and 12-month weight (12M). Data and pedigree information were collected from 1988 until 2018. The least square means of body weights at 4M, 6M and 12M were 12.14±0.02, 15.49±0.02 and 24.08±0.04 kg, respectively. Year of birth, season, gender of kid, parity of dam and type of birth significantly (P<0.01) affect growth traits. Genetic parameters were estimated using a multi-trait animal model program (MTDFREML). The same previous fixed effects were included in this analysis regarding the animal as random effects. The heritability of the studied body weights tend to increase as age increases. That is inversely matched with the environmental proportion of total variance which was found to be 0.72, 0.66 and 0.62 for M4, M6 and M12, respectively. The heritability value was estimated as 0.28 for 4M. Genetic trends were obtained as the regression of the predicted breeding values on years of birth and Environmental trends were obtained as the regression of year constants on years of birth. The annual genetic change trends were positive and significant for 4M, 6M and 12M (0.091, 0.121 and 0.158 kg/year, respectively) and the annual phenotypic change trends were (0.020, 0.045, 0.117 kg/year, respectively). Genetic trends for M12 trait were higher than those for other traits in this study. Genetic and environment correlations between 4 month body weight and other growth traits were positive. Negative environmental trends indicates poor management system for the flock during studied period. Weight at 12 months of age has the highest heritability in studied body weights and suggested to be selection criteria to improve yearling weight for Zaraibi goat

Concentrations and Estimation of the Annual Effective Doses of Natural Radioactivity Uptake through Ingestion of Virgin and Extra Virgin Olive Oil

This study assesses the natural radioactive concentrations in virgin olive oil in Egypt. The presence and concentrations of naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORM) in 26 olive oil samples collected from different locations in Saini were conducted using two techniques: gamma spectroscopy using a high purity germanium detector (HPGe) and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS). Because of their very low concentrations, the radioactivity of NORM was below the detection limits of the HPGe detector for the time of measurement, On the other hand ICP-MS results showed the concentrations of natural radioactive elements such as uranium and thorium in some examined samples. The concentrations of uranium and thorium elements were converted into specific activities using conversion factors recommended by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). The internal effective dose for individuals from the consumption of olive oil was estimated based on the calculated radionuclide contents and using dose coefficients given by the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP). It was found the olive oil samples are considered radiologically safe for human consumption and dont contribute to any health problems

H5N1 Clade 2.2 Polymorphism Tracing Identifies Influenza Recombination and Potential Vaccine Targets

Highly pathogenic Influenza A H5N1 was first identified in Guangdong Province in 1996, followed by human cases in Hong Kong in 1997 1. The number of confirmed human cases now exceeds 300 and the associated Case Fatality Rate exceeds 60% 2. The genetic diversity of the serotype continues to increase. Four distinct clades or sub-clades have been linked to human cases 3.4. The gradual genetic changes identified in the sub-clades have been attributed to copy errors by viral encoded polymerases that lack an editing function, thereby resulting in antigenic drift 5. We traced polymorphism acquisition in Clade 2.2 sequences. We report here the concurrent acquisition of the same polymorphism by multiple, genetically distinct, Clade 2.2 sub-clades in Egypt, Russia and Ghana. These changes are not easily explained by the current theory of &#x201c;random mutation&#x201d; through copy error, and are more easily explained by recombination with a common source. This conclusion is supported by additional polymorphisms shared by Clade 2.2 isolates in Egypt, Nigeria and Germany including aggregation of regional polymorphisms from each of these areas into a single Nigerian human hemagglutinin gene

Heatshield Entry Modeling Using a Design, Analysis, and Optimization Toolbox

The Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) was protected during its Mars atmospheric entry by an instrumented heatshield that used NASA's Phenolic Impregnated Carbon Ablator (PICA). PICA is a lightweight carbon fiber/polymeric resin material that offers excellent performances for protecting probes during planetary entry. The Mars Entry Descent and Landing Instrument (MEDLI) suite on MSL offers unique in-flight validation data for models of atmospheric entry and material response. MEDLI recorded, among others, time-resolved in-depth temperature data of PICA using thermocouple sensors assembled in the MEDLI Integrated Sensor Plugs (MISP). The objective of this work is to showcase the capability of the Design, Analysis, and Optimization of Thermal Protection Materials (DAOTPM) software. DAO-TPM is a Python based framework that works as a link between mission design, aerothermal and radiative environment computation, Thermal Protection Systems (TPS) microstructure analysis, material response and optimization tools. The toolbox has a Graphical User Interface (GUI) that allows the user to build as well as run the various software and utilities used to design, analyze and optimize a heatshield during atmospheric entry