Análisis y modelado de alternativas para la explotación comunitaria a nivel energético y económico de una instalación fotovoltaica en el edificio de Las Naves (Valencia)

[ES] Las comunidades de energía local (CEL) se incorporaron recientemente a la normativa europea gracias a la conclusión del Paquete de «Energía Limpia para todos los europeos» (PEL) y, concretamente, las Directivas 2018/2001 sobre Energía Renovable (DER II) y 2019/944 sobre el Mercado Interior de la Electricidad (DMIE). Tras esto, España traspuso esta nueva normativa en los RD244/2019 y RD23/2020 dando un marco legal favorable al autoconsumo individual y compartido. A partir de aquí, surge la necesidad de analizar la mejor forma de desarrollar este tipo de entidades de forma que se exprima al máximo su potencial y su rentabilidad. Para ello, en este trabajo se desarrolla un modelo matemático y una metodología con los que se puede simular y estudiar una CEL. El modelo permite trabajar con diferentes configuraciones de CEL que incluyen variaciones en las demandas, el modo de reparto y la inclusión de sistemas de almacenamiento. Una vez desarrollado el modelo y la metodología se ha probado mediante un caso de estudio que consiste en una CEL situada sobre el tejado de un edificio de Las Naves en el área urbana de València. La CEL estará compuesta por miembros residenciales y comerciales cuyos datos de consumo se obtuvieron a partir de datos reales de consumo. Finalmente, se evaluaron un total de 432 escenarios combinando las diferentes variables de diseño. Este trabajo concluye que simular matemáticamente una CEL es posible. Además, determina que son rentables económicamente, aunque los sistemas de almacenamiento de momento no lo son. No obstante, las baterías aumentan el grado de autoconsumo de la comunidad y, por otro lado, la integración del vehículo eléctrico aumenta las emisiones de carbono evitadas. Esto implica que a nivel técnico y económico no hay barreras para el desarrollo de CEL y, por lo tanto, las mayores barreras se encuentran en el ámbito social y normativo.[EN] Local Energy Communities (LECs) were recently incorporated into European regulations with the completion of the "Clean Energy for All Europeans" (CEEP) Package and, specifically, the Renewable Energy Directive 2018/2001 (RED II) and the Internal Electricity Market Directive 2019/944 (IEMD). Following this, Spain transposed these new regulations in RD244/2019 and RD23/2020, providing a legal framework favourable to individual and shared self-consumption. Hence, the need to analyse the best way to develop these types of entities to maximise their potential and profitability arises. For this purpose, this work develops a mathematical model and a methodology with which a LEC can be simulated and analysed. The model allows working with different LEC configurations that include variations in the demands, the allocation mode and the inclusion of storage systems. Once the model and methodology has been developed, it has been tested through a case study consisting of a LEC located on the roof of a building in Las Naves in the urban area of Valencia. The LEC will be composed of residential and commercial members whose consumption data was obtained from real consumption data. Finally, a total of 432 scenarios combining the different design variables were evaluated. This paper concludes that it is possible to mathematically simulate a LEC. Furthermore, it determines that they are economically profitable, although storage systems are currently not. Nevertheless, batteries increase the degree of self-consumption of the community and, on the other hand, the integration of the electric vehicle increases the carbon emissions avoided. This implies that there are no technical and economic barriers to the development of LECs and therefore the biggest barriers are in the social and regulatory field.Manso Burgos, Á. (2021). Análisis y modelado de alternativas para la explotación comunitaria a nivel energético y económico de una instalación fotovoltaica en el edificio de Las Naves (Valencia). Universitat Politècnica de València. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/175279TFG

Local energy communities modelling and optimisation considering storage, demand configuration and sharing strategies: a case study in Valencia (Spain)

[EN] Local energy communities require tools to select their most fitting community members, power-sharing strategy and technologies for their goals. This work aims to develop a model and a methodology to optimise local energy communities. We evaluate the presence of a battery energy storage system with different capacities and ownership options. Besides, we test two different sharing strategies like static and variable coefficients. Finally, we characterise local energy communities' demand by comparing residential and commercial loads and varying the number of consumption points. We apply the method to a case study consisting of a 100 kWp photovoltaic installation in Valencia simulated with an hourly resolution for a whole year. We use real consumption data from households and commercial buildings and the current administrative requirements, obtaining the flows and status of each component within the local energy community at every moment. We assess each alternative's economic performance, autarchy degree, and the amount of avoided greenhouse gasses emissions. Results indicate that a local energy community well optimised can fulfil economic, environmental or self-consumption goals. Results only advise installing a storage to increase the degree of self-consumption. Moreover, we obtain the best financial and environmental results in large communities with a 75% residential consumption.This is an extended and updated version of a paper originally presented at the 16th Conference on Sustainable Development of Energy, Water and Environment Systems (SDEWES 2021) held in Dubrovnik, Croatia over the period 10th to 15th October 2021 (denoted then as paper SDEWES2021.00668 Evaluation of the participation of residential and commercial consumers in Energy Communities, a case study in Valencia, Spain). This work was supported in part by the Spanish public administration under grant FPU2016/00962, by the PURPOSED project (ref: PID2021-128822OB-I00), financed by the Spanish State Investigation Agency. And by the Catedra de Transicion Energetica Urbana (Las Naves-VCiE-UPV).Manso-Burgos, Á.; Ribó-Pérez, DG.; Gómez-Navarro, T.; Alcázar-Ortega, M. (2022). Local energy communities modelling and optimisation considering storage, demand configuration and sharing strategies: a case study in Valencia (Spain). Energy Reports. 8:10395-10408. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2022.08.1811039510408

Local Energy Communities in Spain: Economic Implications of the New Tariff and Variable Coefficients

[EN] The European Union advocates for legislative support to local energy communities. Measures include the promotion of dynamic energy allocation and discriminatory electricity tariffs such as the recent Spanish framework. However, the impact of these normative changes is not yet evaluated. This paper inquires into the impact of dynamic allocation coefficient and different electricity tariffs on the profitability of local energy communities. To do so, a linear optimisation model is developed and applied to real consumer data in Spain around a variable capacity photovoltaic generation plant. Comparing the economic performance of the static or variable power allocation under the effect of changing electricity tariffs. While both measures are beneficial, the new electricity tariffs result in larger profitability increases than the planned variable coefficients. The combination of measures allows for profitability improvements of up to 25% being complementary measures. However, installations that maximise the potential for electricity generation are still not as profitable due to the low purchase price of surplus energy. While discriminatory electricity price tariffs and variable allocation coefficients are positive measures, further measures are needed for these communities to install generation plants as large as the potential that each case allows.This work was supported in part by the Spanish public administration under the grant FPU2016/00962 and by the Catedra de Transicion Energetica Urbana (Las Naves-FVCiE-UPV)Manso-Burgos, Á.; Ribó-Pérez, DG.; Alcázar-Ortega, M.; Gómez-Navarro, T. (2021). Local Energy Communities in Spain: Economic Implications of the New Tariff and Variable Coefficients. Sustainability. 13(19):1055-1073. https://doi.org/10.3390/su131910555S10551073131

Diagnosis of the building stock using Energy Performance Certificates for urban energy planning in Mediterranean compact cities. Case of study: The city of València in Spain.

[EN] This research aims to diagnose the energy performance of buildings in València and identify areas where energy efficiency can be improved. The energy performance results of all 129,487 EPCs in the city were mapped and compared to socioeconomic variables to gain insights into the reasons behind the results. The study reveals that the city¿s building stock has poor energy performance, attributed to the lack of building standards during the city¿s expansion in the 1960s and 1970s. The worst energy performances are observed in the peripheral districts, particularly in the city¿s northern half, where low-income and low-renting rates are common, resulting in reduced investment capacity for individuals to retrofit their homes. To promote quick dissemination of measures to retrofit households, they must be adequate, economical, and replicable, avoiding social, administrative, and economic barriers. The study highlights the importance of EPCs as an objective tool to diagnose the energy efficiency of a city¿s building stock. Policymakers can use the findings to identify areas that require improvements and evaluate the appropriate actions to improve the building stock¿s energy performance. This study presents significant potential to reduce buildings¿ energy demand and achieve climate goals through EPCs.This article is an extended and updated version of a paper originally presented at the 17th Conference on Sustainable Development of Energy, Water and Environment Systems (SDEWES 2022) held in Paphos, Cyprus, over the period 6th to 10th November 2022 (denoted then as paper SDEWES2022.00306 Assessment of Buildings¿ Energy Efficiency over the Years at a City-wide Level: the Case of Valencia). This project has received funding from the European Union¿s Horizon Europe research and innovation programme under Grant Agreement No. 101075582. The Spanish public administration partly supported this work under the grant PURPOSED project (ref: PID2021-128822OB-I00), financed by the Spanish State Investigation Agency. The Catedra ¿ de Transicion ¿ Energ¿etica Urbana (Las Naves-VCiE-UPV) also supported this work. Thanks to Mireia Roncero Tarazona for creating the maps in this article.Manso-Burgos, Á.; Ribó-Pérez, DG.; Van As, J.; Montagud- Montalvá, C.; Royo, R. (2023). Diagnosis of the building stock using Energy Performance Certificates for urban energy planning in Mediterranean compact cities. Case of study: The city of València in Spain. Energy Conversion and Management: X. 20:1-18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecmx.2023.1004501182

Market Value and Agents Benefits of Enhanced Short-Term Solar PV Power Generation Forecasting

Renewable energy sources such as PV solar or wind power are intermittent and non-dispatchable. Massive integration of these resources into the electric mix poses some challenges to meeting power generation with demand. Hence, improving power generation forecasting has raised much interest. This work assesses the market value of enhanced PV solar power generation forecasting. Then, we analyse the different agents present in the electricity system. We link the studied agents to the proposed market values based on both analyses. Improving the accuracy of RES forecasting has massive potential as the sector grows and new agents arise. It can have reactive values like reducing imbalances or proactive values such as participating in intraday markets or exercising energy arbitrage. However, accurate forecasting can also lead to opportunistic values that can be exploited by malicious agents if they are not adequately regulated