Seismic design Of elevated tanks

In this study, Wind Force and Seismic forces acting on an Elevated water tank e.g. Intze Tank are studied. Seismic forces acting on the tank are also calculated changing the Seismic Response Reduction Factor(R). IS: 1893-1984/2002 for seismic design and IS: 875-1987(Part III) for wind load has been referred. Then checked the Design of Intze Tank by using the software STAAD PRO. An Earthquake is a phenomenon that results from and is powered by the sudden release of stored energy in the crust that propagates Seismic waves. At the Earth's surface, earthquakes may manifest themselves by a shaking or displacement of the ground and sometimes tsunamis, which may lead to loss of life and destruction of property. Seismic safety of liquid tanks is of considerable importance. Water storage tanks should remain functional in the post earthquake period to ensure potable water supply to earthquake-affected regions and to cater the need for fire fighting demand. Industrial liquid containing tanks may contain highly toxic and inflammable liquids and these tanks should not loose their contents during the earthquake. The current design of supporting structures of elevated water tanks are extremely vulnerable under lateral forces due to an earthquake as it is designed only for the wind forces but not the seismic forces. The strength analysis of a few damaged shaft types of stagings clearly shows that all of them either met or exceeded the strength requirement of IS: 1893-1984 however they were all found deficient when compared with requirements of International Building Codes. Frame type stagings are generally regarded superior to shaft type of stagings for lateral resistance because of their large redundancy and greater capacity to absorb seismic energy through inelastic actions. Various Codes have been considered and the maximum value of the ratio of base shear coefficient of tank to building, (BSCtank / BSCbldg) is about 3 to 4 in all the codes, as against a value of 6 to 7 for low ductility tanks. This implies that design base shear for a low ductility tank is double that of a high ductility tank. Indian Standard IS: 1893-1984 provides guidelines for earthquake resistant design of several types of structures including liquid storage tanks. This standard is under revision and in the revised form it has been divided into five parts. First part, IS 1893 (Part 1): 2002; which deals with general guidelines and provisions for buildings has already been published. Second part, yet to be published, will deal with the provisions for liquid storage tanks. In this section, provisions of IS: 1893-1984 for buildings and tanks are reviewed briefly followed by an outline of the changes made in IS 1893 (Part 1): 2002. Any design of water tanks is subjected to Dead Load + Live Load and Wind Load or Earthquake load as per I S Code of Practice. Most of the times tanks are designed for Wind Load and not even checked for Earthquake load assuming that the tanks will be safe under Earthquake Loads once designed for Wind Loads. However present observation on the earthquake at Bhuj has shown that this tanks must have been designed for Wind Loads but did not stand Earthquake Load. Keeping this in view two Intze Tanks are designed with different specifications are studied by taking into account the provisions of 1893:2002 and for Elevated Tank 1893:1984 as well as NICEE suggestions and the results are presented. We have concluded that there is no uniformity in type of tanks described in various documents. All documents suggest consideration of Convective and Impulsive Components in seismic analysis of tanks. Ratio of Base Shear of tank and building is 6 to 7 for low ductility tanks and 3 to 4 for high ductility tanks. Suitable provisions for lower bound limit on spectral values for tanks are necessary. Indian Code needs to include provisions on lower bound limit on spectral values of buildings and tanks and also Convective Mode of vibration in the seismic analysis of tanks. Based on the review of various International Codes, it is recommended that IS 1893 should have values of R in range of 1.1 to 2.25 for different types of tanks. R Value taken in IS 1893:1984 is nowhere in the range corresponding to that value in different international codes. Base Shear and Base Moment increases from Zone 3 to Zone 4 to Zone 5. With the increase in R value Base Shear and Base Moment decreases. Considering the design aspect, the seismic forces remain constant in a particular Zone provided the soil properties remain same whereas the Wind force is predominant in coastal region, but in interior region earthquake forces are more predominant. For R= 2.25 and 1.8, column size (450 mm) and reinforcements (8,25 Φ bar) remain same but for R= 1.5, column size increases to 500 mm and reinforcements change to 8, 20 Φ bar. Using STAAD PRO also we got the same values

Atlas simulation based study of recessed source/drain SOI mosfets

Front gate and back gate threshold voltage, potential distributions and sub threshold swing of recessed source/drain ultra-thin body silicon on insulator mosfets are simulated and analyzed in a vivid manner with extreme meticulousness. Analysis and comparative study of the electrical characteristics of Re s/d UTB SOI mosfets with that of conventional FD SOI mosfets has been done. Structures of conventional soi mosfet and Re s/d mosfets is simulated with the help of software like ATLAS

Bidirectional Switched Boost Converter Design For Ac- Dc Hybrid Micro grid

The objective of this project is to design a bidirectional switched boost converter. In conventional bidirectional Z-source converter (BZSC) the intermediate network comprises of two equal inductors and two equal capacitors along with one two quadrant active switch for buck or boost the voltage in a single stage. But, it is difficult to realize two equal inductors and two equal capacitors in practice which in turn raises the stability issues of the BZSC

Determination and Correlation of a Few Properties of Coal

Mining activities of minerals play a very important role on the health and wealth of any nation. Though technology has reduced the adverse effects to a great extent, it is still experiencing unpredictable behaviour of rocks/coal. The cutting tools used for excavation often exhibit breakdown, high wear and tear due to change in the properties of rock/coal materials. There are many attempts to minimise these events and accurate determination of the properties is one of those. The major strength parameter is usually correlated with other parameters determined at field. The present study focuses on the study of different physical parameters of coal from regions of Talcher, IB valley and Jharkhand area. The regions are well known for huge coal mining. In coal mining operations we deal mainly with differentmechanical properties and its varying strengths since mining methods hugely depends on it. Research in geology and rock mechanics is done to elucidate the influence of the rock index properties in determining the strength, durability, crushability and nature of the rock. This project throws light on the prediction of the coal behaviour and nature of it, by finding a correlation between them. Unconfined Compressive Strength, density, Protodyakonov Strength Index and ultrasonic pulse velocity measurements are carried out and correlated with established approache

Magnetic plateaus and jumps in a spin-1/2 ladder with alternate Ising-Heisenberg rungs: a field dependent study

We study a frustrated two-leg spin-1/2 ladder with alternate Ising and isotropic Heisenberg rung exchange interactions, whereas, interactions along legs and diagonals are Ising type. The ground-state (GS) of this model has four exotic phases: (i) the stripe-rung ferromagnet (SRFM), (ii) the anisotropic anti-ferromagnet (AAFM), (iii) the Dimer, and (iv) the stripe-leg ferromagnet (SLFM) in absence of any external magnetic field. In this work, the effect of externally applied longitudinal and transverse fields on quantum phases are studied. In both cases, we show that there exist two plateau phases at $1/4$, and $1/2$ of the saturation of magnetization. Due to the strong rung dimer formation, the system opens a finite spin gap for all the phases resulting in zero magnetization plateau in presence of a longitudinal field. The mechanism of plateau formation is analyzed using spin density, quantum fidelity, and quantum concurrence. In the (i) SRFM phase, Ising exchanges are dominant for all spins but the Heisenberg rungs are weak, and therefore, the magnetization shows a continuous transition as a function of transverse field. In the other three phases [(ii)-(iv)], Ising dimer rungs are weak and broken first to reach the plateau at $1/2$ of the saturation magnetization, having a large gap, which is closed by further application of the field. We use the exact diagonalization (ED) and the transfer matrix method (TM) to solve the Hamiltonian.Comment: 12 pages, 7 figure

FOHC: Firefly Optimizer Enabled Hybrid approach for Cancer Classification

Early detection and prediction of cancer, a group of chronic diseases responsible for a large number of deaths each year and a serious public health hazard, can lead to more effective treatment at an earlier stage in the disease's progression. In the current era, machine learning (ML) has widely been used to develop predictive models for incurable diseases such as cancer, heart disease, and diabetes, among others, taking into account both existing datasets and personally collected datasets, more research is still being conducted in this area. Using recursive feature elimination (RFE), principal component analysis (PCA), the Firefly Algorithm (FA), and a support vector machine (SVM) classifier, this study proposed a Firefly Optimizer-enabled Hybrid approach for Cancer classification (FOHC). This study considers feature selection and dimensionality reduction techniques RFE and PCA, and FA is used as the optimization algorithm. In the last stage, the SVM is applied to the pre-processed dataset as the classifier. To evaluate the proposed model, empirical analysis has been carried out on three different kinds of cancer disease datasets including Brain, Breast, and Lung cancer obtained from the UCI-ML warehouse. Based on the various performance parameters like accuracy, error rate, precision, recall, f-measure, etc., some experiments are carried out on the Jupyter platform using Python codes. This proposed model, FOHC, surpasses previous methods and other considered state-of-the-art works, with 98.94% accuracy for Breast cancer, 95.58% accuracy for Lung cancer, and 96.34% accuracy for Brain cancer. The outcomes of these experiments represent the effectiveness of the proposed work

Role of the Inflammasome, IL-1β, and IL-18 in Bacterial Infections

The inflammasome is an important innate immune pathway that regulates at least two host responses protective against infections: (1) secretion of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-18 and (2) induction of pyroptosis, a form of cell death. Inflammasomes, of which different types have been identified, are multiprotein complexes containing pattern recognition receptors belonging to the Nod-like receptor family or the PYHIN family and the protease caspase-1. The molecular aspects involved in the activation of different inflammasomes by various pathogens are being rapidly elucidated, and their role during infections is being characterized. Production of IL-1β and IL-18 and induction of pyroptosis of the infected cell have been shown to be protective against many infectious agents. Here, we review the recent literature concerning inflammasome activation in the context of bacterial infections and identify important questions to be answered in the future

Current account sustainability in SAARC economies: Evidence from combined cointegration approach

Majority of the South Asian economies are experiencing continuous deficits in their current account along with high external borrowing. This may question the sustainability of their external obligation in the long run. Therefore, this study examines the long run sustainability of current account imbalances of Seven South Asian economies for the period 1980 to 2014. By applying the recently developed econometric methods, we found that the current account of Maldives and Sri Lanka is sustainable in the long run, while for the rest of the South Asian economies the current account is not sustainable. This results have important policy implications. In particular, the South Asian economies should increase their cooperation with each other in terms of trade and investment to minimize the external sector imbalances and to achieve an increasing growth momentum in the future