Are there oil currencies? The real exchange rate of oil exporting countries

This paper investigates whether the real oil price has an impact on the real exchange rates of three main oil-exporting countries: Norway, Russia and Saudi Arabia. We create our measure of the real effective exchange rates for Norway and Saudi Arabia (1980-2006) and for Russia (1995-2006), testing if real oil prices and productivity differentials against 15 OECD countries influence exchange rates. In the case of Russia it is possible to establish a positive long-run relationship between the real oil price and the real exchange rate. However, we find virtually no impact of the real oil price on the real exchange rates of Norway and Saudi Arabia. The diverse exchange rate regimes cannot help in explaining the different empirical results on the impact of oil prices across countries, which instead may be due to other policy responses, namely the accumulation of net foreign assets and their sterilisation, and specific institutional characteristics. JEL Classification: F31, C22oil exporting countries, Oil Price, purchasing power parity, real exchange rate, terms of trade

RELATION BETWEEN PROFESSIONAL ABILITY OF LINOTYPISTS AND SOME PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGICAL FEATURES OF THEIR ORGANISMS

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Editorial: Neurodevelopmental Disorders and Importance of Early Assessment and Early Interventions

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Incidence of retinopathy of prematurity in Varna region, Bulgaria, and evaluation of perinatal risk factors

Introduction: Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is a vasoproliferative disorder that is still a leading cause of preventable childhood blindness around the world.Aim: The aim of this article is to determine the incidence and evaluate the perinatal risk factors associated with the development of retinopathy of prematurity and its progression.Materials and Methods: Eighty-five children, in the period June 2019–January 2021, were prospectively analyzed. All children have fulfilled the screening ROP criteria in the Republic of Bulgaria: gestational age (GA) ≤ 32 gestational weeks (g.w.) and birth weight (BW) ≤ 1501 g. Children with higher GA and/or higher BW were included if additional risk factors were detected, or based on the neonatologist’s assessment.Results and Discussion: Of the screened children, 21 (24.7%) showed no signs of ROP, and 64 (75.3%) developed any stage of ROP. The mean BW for the cohort was 1064.8 g (± 227.2), and the mean GA was 28.1 ± 2.2 g.w. After univariate analysis, the following risk factors were found to be significant for ROP development: low birth weight, invasive mechanical ventilation, anemia of prematurity, ≥ 2 hemotransfusions, and hyaline membrane disease. The above-mentioned factors were also found to be statistically significant for ROP progression, including GA. After multivariate logistic regression analysis, BW was the only independent risk factor both for ROP development and progression (OR: 3.352 (95% CI 2.803–3.902), p < 0.001). Conclusion: Тhe incidence of ROP in the Varna region of Bulgaria is relatively high. Low BW, anemia of prematurity, and invasive mechanical ventilation are significant and independent risk factors for ROP development

Integrated Health And Social Services For Chilren With Disabilities: A Challenge For The Nurse

One of the most crucial criteria for the mechanism and maturity of society is its attitude to children and adults with disabilities. The development and implementation of the policies on early childhood are part of the values and policies of all EU countries, including Bulgaria.The aim of the present study is to research and analyse the nurse’s role in the multidisciplinary team in providing integrated health and social services to children with disabilities, as well as in providing professional assistance in a domestic environment.Materials and methods: the opinions of sixty three specialists working in seven social services for children with disabilities in Veliko Turnovo and Svishtov municipalities, and twenty five parents of children with disabilities were polled. Sociological, documentary and statistical methods were used, as well as graphical analysis. The inquiry card has nineteen questions. The questionnaire for parents includes seven open questions.Results and discussion: the data of the poll suggest that 94% of the specialists consider the inclusion of the nurse in the multidisciplinary team to be a guarantee of the service quality. The respondents expect the nurse to have above all skills for teamwork, flexibility, and an aptitude for working with children with disabilities (81%), to be familiar with the specific nature of social work (55%), to train parents and provide mobile services (56%). More than half of the parents want to get professional assistance in a domestic environment.Conclusion: the integrated services for children with disabilities are of great significance for the child, the family and the community. They help children achieve better results, defend human rights, support the families. Joining the forces of all institutions of the health and social area is a major factor in the success and development of integrated health and social services

PECULIARITIES IN THE COURSE AND TREATMENT OF ACUTE BILATERAL ARTERIAL OCCLUSION

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Diagnosis “Autism” – from Kanner and Asperger to DSM-5

The authors make a synthesized overview of the evolution of the understanding of autism in historical context and a critical analysis of the development of diagnostic criteria in the spirit of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM). Based on personal research and extensive clinical experience they put forward a number of debatable issues and own views about the nature of autistic disorder by outlining the trends and directions for future research. Discussed is the issue of "core" and "additional" symptoms of autism and the need for comparison of categorical and dimensional data when constructing empirical studies for the autistic population. The article contains reflections on the underlying impairment which, according to the authors, is a disturbance in the processing and integration of the incoming information, especially at the level of filtration of significant and insignificant stimuli and their linking into a mental sequence appearing at different levels and with varying degree of severity. Noted is the importance of the detailed assessment of mental functioning for early diagnosis and individualized targeting of the therapeutic efforts. In this regard is emphasized the need to search for a new paradigm in the methodology of future research on autism that would make possible the comparison of interdisciplinary results and identification of connections between the relevant scientific achievements. Thus it will be possible to identify trends that will bring us closer to revealing the etiology, perhaps will have an impact on the criteria for diagnosis and on the overall construction of future therapeutic strategies