A catalogue sample of low mass galaxies observed in X-rays with central candidate black holes

We present a sample of $X$-ray selected candidate black holes in 51 low mass galaxies with $z\le 0.055$ {and mass up to $10^{10}$ M$_{\odot}$} obtained by cross-correlating the NASA-SLOAN Atlas with the 3XMM catalogue. {We have also searched in the available catalogues for radio counterparts of the black hole candidates and find that 19 of the previously selected sources have also a radio counterpart.} Our results show that about $37\%$ of the galaxies of our sample host { an $X$-ray source} (associated to a radio counterpart) spatially coincident with the galaxy center, in agreement with { other recent works}. For these {\it nuclear} sources, the $X$-ray/radio fundamental plane relation allows one to estimate the mass of the (central) candidate black holes which results to be in the range $10^{4}-2\times10^{8}$ M$_{\odot}$ (with median value of $\simeq 3\times 10^7$ M$_{\odot}$ and eight candidates having mass below $10^{7}$ M$_{\odot}$). This result, while suggesting that $X$-ray emitting black holes in low-mass galaxies may have had a key role in the evolution of such systems, makes even more urgent to explain how such massive objects formed in galaxies. {Of course, dedicated follow-up observations both in the $X$-ray and radio bands, as well as in the optical, are necessary in order to confirm our resultsComment: 15 Pages, 2 Figures, 3 Table

XMM-Newton observation of a sample of four close dSph galaxies

We present the results of the analysis of deep archival \sat\ observations towards the dwarf spheroidal galaxies Draco, Leo I, Ursa Major II and Ursa Minor in the Milky Way neighbourhood. The X-ray source population is characterized and cross-correlated with available databases with the aim to infer their nature. We also investigate if intermediate-mass black holes are hosted in the center of these galaxies. In the case of Draco, we detect 96 high-energy sources, two of them being possibly local stars, while no evidence for any X-ray emitting central compact object is found. Towards the Leo I and UMa II field of view we reveal 116 and 49 X-ray sources, respectively. None of them correlates with the putative central black holes and only one is likely associated with a UMa II local source. The study of the UMi dwarf galaxy shows 54 high-energy sources and a possible association {with a source at the dSph center}. We put an upper limit to the central compact object luminosity of 4.02$\times$10$^{33}$ erg/s. Furthermore, via the correlation with a radio source near the galactic center, we get that the putative black hole should have a mass of $\left(2.76^{+32.00}_{-2.54}\right)\times10^6 M_{\odot}$ and be radiatively inefficient. This confirms a previous result obtained by using Chandra data alone.Comment: MNRAS, in press, tables available on lin

Spontaneous Pattern Formation in a Polariton Condensate

Polariton condensation can be regarded as a self-organization phenomenon, where phase ordering is established among particles in the system. In such condensed systems, further ordering can possibly occur in the particle density distribution, under particular experimental conditions. In this work we report on spontaneous pattern formation in a polariton condensate under non-resonant optical pumping. The slightly elliptical ring-shaped excitation laser we employ is such to force condensation to occur in a single-energy state with periodic boundary conditions, giving rise to a multi-lobe standing wave patterned state

Penrose-Onsager Criterion Validation in a One-Dimensional Polariton Condensate

We perform quantum tomography on one-dimensional polariton condensates, spontaneously occurring in linear disorder valleys in a CdTe planar microcavity sample. By the use of optical interferometric techniques, we determine the first-order coherence function and the amplitude and phase of the order parameter of the condensate, providing a full reconstruction of the single particle density matrix for the polariton system. The experimental data are used as input to theoretically test the consistency of Penrose-Onsager criterion for Bose-Einstein condensation in the framework of nonequilibrium polariton condensates. The results confirm the pertinence and validity of the criterion for a non equilibrium condensed gas.Comment: 5 pages, 4 figure

The puzzling symbiotic X-ray system 4U1700+24

Symbiotic X-ray binaries form a subclass of low-mass X-ray binary systems consisting of a neutron star accreting material from a red giant donor star via stellar wind or Roche lobe overflow. Only a few confirmed members are currently known; 4U 1700+24 is a good candidate as it is a relatively bright X-ray object, possibly associated with the late-type star V934 Her. We analysed the archive {\it XMM}-Newton and Swift/XRT observations of 4U 1700+24 in order to have a uniform high-energy ($0.3-10$ keV) view of the source. We confirmed the existence of a red-shifted O VIII Ly-$\alpha$ transition (already observed in the 2002 {\it XMM}-Newton data) in the high-resolution spectra collected via the RGS instruments. The red-shift of the line is found in all the analysed observations and, on average, it was estimated to be $\simeq 0.009$. We also observed a modulation of the centroid energy of the line on short time scales (a few days) and discuss the observations in the framework of different scenarios. If the modulation is due to the gravitational red-shift of the neutron star, it might arise from a sudden re-organization of the emitting $X$-ray matter on the scale of a few hundreds of km. Alternatively, we are witnessing a uni-polar jet of matter (with typical velocity of $1000-4000$ km s$^{-1}$) possibly emitted by the neutron star in an almost face-on system. The second possibility seems to be required by the apparent lack of any modulation in the observed $X$-ray light curve. We also note also that the low-resolution spectra (both {\it XMM}-Newton and Swift/XRT in the $0.3-10$ keV band) show the existence of a black body radiation emitted by a region (possibly associated with the neutron star polar cap) with typical size from a few tens to hundreds of meters. The size of this spot-like region reduces as the overall luminosity of 4U 1700+24 decreases.Comment: In press on A&

Spontaneous self-ordered states of vortex-antivortex pairs in a Polariton Condensate

Polariton condensates have proved to be model systems to investigate topological defects, as they allow for direct and non-destructive imaging of the condensate complex order parameter. The fundamental topological excitations of such systems are quantized vortices. In specific configurations, further ordering can bring the formation of vortex lattices. In this work we demonstrate the spontaneous formation of ordered vortical states, consisting in geometrically self-arranged vortex-antivortex pairs. A mean-field generalized Gross-Pitaevskii model reproduces and supports the physics of the observed phenomenology

Interleukin-1beta tear concentration in glaucomatous and ocular hypertensive patients treated with preservative-free nonselective beta-blockers

PURPOSE: To evaluate the ocular surface inflammatory response to the presence of preservatives in nonselective beta-blocker eyedrops. DESIGN: Prospective, crossover, single-masked, randomized clinical study. METHODS: STUDY POPULATION: Twenty primary open angle glaucoma or ocular hypertensive patients were divided in two groups, one treated with preservative-free timolol 0.5% (group 1) and the other with preserved timolol 0.5% (group 2) eyedrops. After 60 days of therapy and 3 more weeks of washout, the two groups switched to the other therapy. PROCEDURE: At each visit,basal tear samples were collected from the inferior conjunctival fornix for the determination of interleukin (IL)-1 tear concentrations by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Intraocular pressure measurement, conjunctival hyperemia, superficial punctate keratitis, and tear film breakup time were evaluated. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: IL-1 concentration in tears following the use of preserved eyedrops. RESULTS: IL-1 tear concentrations increased significantly in both groups, compared with baseline values,during preserved timolol therapy. There were no statistically significant changes in hyperemia and superficial punctate keratitis throughout the study in either group.A statistically significant breakup time reduction was observed in both groups after 30 days and after 60 days of preserved therapy. CONCLUSION: The use of preservatives in timolol 0.5% eyedrops leads to tear film instability and ocular surface inflammatory changes documented by a reduction of breakup time and an increase of IL-1 tear concentrations.Preservative-free beta-blockers are preferable for long-term hypotensive therapy to prevent ocular surface inflammation

Remarkable Reduction of Cocaine Use in Dual Disorder (Adult Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder/Cocaine Use Disorder) Patients Treated with Medications for ADHD

Background: Cocaine use disorder (CUD) is a growing public health concern, but so far no effective pharmacotherapies have been demonstrated. Stimulant medications have proved to be promising in CUD treatment. The self-medication hypothesis (SMH) can help to explain this phenomenon better, especially in cases where CUD co-occurs with adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (A-ADHD). Methods: In the present retrospective study, a sample of 20 consecutive patients (aged from 18 to 65 years) with dual disorder (A-ADHD/CUD), under treatment with methylphenidate (MPH) or atomoxetine (ATM) medications, was followed to study the effects of A-ADHD treatment on cocaine use. Patients were followed for a mean period of 7 months (minimum 1, maximum 30 months). All individuals were assessed with standardized questionnaires to evaluate diagnosis, treatment efficacy, and clinical improvement. Results: the results showed that behaviors reflecting cocaine addiction were sharply reduced during the stimulant treatment of A-ADHD, and were not correlated with age, gender, familiarity, length of treatment, or medication used. CUD improvement was closely correlated with the A-ADHD improvement. This study supports the validity of the SMH in ADHD patients with co-occurring CUD

Interleukin-1beta tear concentration in glaucomatous and ocular hypertensive patients treated with preservative-free nonselective beta-blockers

PURPOSE: To evaluate the ocular surface inflammatory response to the presence of preservatives in nonselective beta-blocker eyedrops. DESIGN: Prospective, crossover, single-masked, randomized clinical study. METHODS: STUDY POPULATION: Twenty primary open angle glaucoma or ocular hypertensive patients were divided in two groups, one treated with preservative-free timolol 0.5% (group 1) and the other with preserved timolol 0.5% (group 2) eyedrops. After 60 days of therapy and 3 more weeks of washout, the two groups switched to the other therapy. PROCEDURE: At each visit,basal tear samples were collected from the inferior conjunctival fornix for the determination of interleukin (IL)-1 tear concentrations by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Intraocular pressure measurement, conjunctival hyperemia, superficial punctate keratitis, and tear film breakup time were evaluated. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: IL-1 concentration in tears following the use of preserved eyedrops. RESULTS: IL-1 tear concentrations increased significantly in both groups, compared with baseline values,during preserved timolol therapy. There were no statistically significant changes in hyperemia and superficial punctate keratitis throughout the study in either group.A statistically significant breakup time reduction was observed in both groups after 30 days and after 60 days of preserved therapy. CONCLUSION: The use of preservatives in timolol 0.5% eyedrops leads to tear film instability and ocular surface inflammatory changes documented by a reduction of breakup time and an increase of IL-1 tear concentrations.Preservative-free beta-blockers are preferable for long-term hypotensive therapy to prevent ocular surface inflammation