Contextual and individual factors associated with dental services utilisation by Brazilian adults: A multilevel analysis

BACKGROUND: Inequalities in the utilisation of dental services in Brazil are remarkable. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association of contextual and individual factors with the utilisation of dental services by Brazilian adults using the Andersen's behavioural model. METHODS: Individual-level data from 27,017 adults residents in the State capitals who were interviewed in the 2013 Brazilian National Health Survey were pooled with contextual city-level data. The outcomes were non-utilisation of dental services and last dental visit over 12 months ago. Individual predisposing variables were age, sex, race/skin colour, schooling and social network. Individual enabling variables included income, health insurance and registration in primary health care. Individual need variables were self-perceived dental health and self-reported missing teeth. Multilevel logistic regression models were performed to estimate odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) of the association of contextual and individual predisposing, enabling and need-related variables with dental services outcomes. RESULTS: Predisposing (OR = 0.89; 95% CI 0.81-0.97) and enabling (OR = 0.90; 95% CI 0.85-0.96) contextual factors were associated with non-utilisation of dental services. Individual predisposing (sex, race/skin colour, schooling), enabling (income, health insurance) and need (self-perceived oral health, missing teeth) were associated with non-utilisation of dental services and last dental visit over 12 months ago. The latter was also associated with other individual predisposing (age, social network) and need (eating difficulties due to oral problems) characteristics. CONCLUSIONS: Individual and contextual determinants influenced dental services utilisation in Brazilian adults. These factors should be on the policy agenda and considered in the organisation of health services aiming to reduce oral health inequalities related to access and utilisation of dental services

Características associadas ao uso de serviços odontológicos públicos pela população adulta brasileira Characteristics associated with the use of dental services by the adult Brazilian population

O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar os fatores associados ao uso de serviços odontológicos públicos pela população adulta brasileira. Foram utilizados dados coletados junto a 13.356 adultos (35-44 anos), em um inquérito epidemiológico de saúde bucal, de abrangência nacional (Projeto SB-Brasil 2003). A análise dos dados baseou-se na regressão de Poisson, que produziu estimativas de Razões de Prevalências como medida de associação. A análise dos dados mostrou que o uso de serviços odontológicos públicos por adultos esteve associada com: sexo feminino, baixa escolaridade e renda, residência nas regiões Nordeste e Sul e em municípios de menor porte, queixas de dor de dente ou gengival, necessidades de prótese parcial e total, maior quantidade de dentes permanentes demandando tratamento, procura por serviço motivada por algum problema bucal e avaliação do tratamento recebido como regular. Esses resultados mostraram que a população atendida pelo serviço público era menos favorecida socioeconomicamente e apresentava maiores necessidades de tratamento. A grande necessidade acumulada reflete o histórico apartamento desse segmento populacional da atenção à saúde bucal em nosso país e coloca um grande desafio ao SUS, considerando o seu papel na redução das desigualdades e de provimento de acesso universal ao cuidado integral.<br>The scope of this study was to investigate the factors related to the use of dental services by Brazilian adults. Data were collected from 13,356 adults (35 to 44 years of age), participating in a nationwide epidemiological survey of oral health (SB-BRASIL 2003 Project). Data analysis was based on Poisson regression, which produced estimates of Prevalence Ratios as a measure of association. Data analysis showed that the use of dental services by adults was associated with: female gender, low education and income, living in the Northeastern and Southern regions and in small cities, complaints of toothache or gum pain, need for partial/total prosthesis, a greater amount of permanent teeth requiring treatment, demand for service due to some dental problems and evaluation of dental care received on a regular basis. These results showed that the population attended by the public service was socio-economically less privileged and had greater need for treatment. This situation reflects an historical abandonment of the adult population by the dental healthcare system in Brazil and poses a major challenge to the Unified Health Service, in light of its intended role to reduce inequalities and provide universal access to comprehensive care